Hello! from Japan

About Japan and music

Taka

Japanese drinking culture and rules

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The Japanese love drinking. Drinking age in Japan is 20, and most people start drinking right after the legal age. According to a research done by WHO, Japan is on the 63rd (out of 186) of the list of countries by alcohol consumption per capita, being one of the top Asian countries where people drink much alcohol regularly (as of 2018). Let’s take a look at the drinking culture in Japan.

Popular alcohol drinks in Japan

日本酒/Nihonshu

Nihonshu or 酒/Sake is a strong rice wine which is about 15% strength/alcohol content and it has been loved for centuries. Most bars and restaurants have Nihonshu and it goes the best with seafood like sushi. There are many sake breweries in Japan and the taste and the way to make are slightly different from place to place.

ビール/Beer

Beer is loved by people of all ages over 20. There are 4 major companies that make the finest kinds of beer in Japan: Asahi, Kirin, Sapporo, and Ebisu, and they are popular overseas as well. People drink lagers more than ales and regional craft beers are gaining popularity these days. Many enjoy traveling and drinking the local beer, and buy it as a souvenir. At 居酒屋/Izakaya, Japanese bar, beer is often ordered as a starter.

焼酎/Shochu

It is kind of a traditional alcoholic drink of Japan. Nihonshu is fermented or brewed, whereas Shochu is distilled. The original technique to make Shochu is said to be imported from Thailand in the 15th century, and flourished in Kagoshima in the Kyushu area. It can be made by distilling potatoes, rice, barley, buckwheat, etc, and there is a wide variety of taste and flavor.

ウィスキー/Whisky

Whisky is popular in Japan just like in many other countries, and there are several companies producing whisky in Japan. Besides drinking on the rocks, Japan has a different way of enjoying whisky: Highballs, which is whiskey mixed with carbonated water.

梅酒/Umeshu and チューハイ/Chuhai

梅酒/Umeshu is a sweet plum wine with the alcohol content of around 10-15%.Chuhai is an abbreviation of 焼酎ハイボール/Shochu Highball. Chuhai is made with Shochu (or sometimes with Vodka) and carbonated water with some lemon. Many different kinds of fruits are used and it is a casual drink.

Drinking with Colleagues is important in Japan

Many Japanese feel that after work drinking parties are an important way to enhance relationships. As people need to switch between Honne and Tatemae everyday, spending some casual time with co-workers will surely be helpful in understanding each other.

There is even a word, Nominication (combined word of 飲む/Drink and Communication), which is a way to build good relationships with colleagues and bosses by drinking together.

When lifetime employment was the standard in Japan, workers would say “You have to do Nominication if you want to work your way up the corporate ladder”. Many older generations worked and established relationships this way. 

However, the time is changing. The economy is unstable and career changes are more common and it’s easier to accommodate the needs of individuals now. Work environment is a lot more flexible than it used to be, and younger generations are more focused on their life and prefer spending less time with colleagues.

Still, a lot of people find that drinking and dining with teammates and bosses casually is important to develop closer relationships to build trust and share ideas and concerns about work and life.

General Drinking rules

1.Pour for others

When out at a drinking party, pour for others around you as you greet them casually. It is also considered polite if women pour men drinks, and workers pour their boss drinks. 

2.Wait until everyone has been served

Just like a formal dinner party, you should wait until everyone is ready for a toast.

3.Don’t drink from the bottle 

Drinking directly from the bottle is often considered rude because it’s against the sharing culture.

4.Say 乾杯/Kanpai 

Say “Kanpai(Cheers)” as you clink your glasses with your friends and colleagues and start drinking and eating.

After the spread of the virus, more and more people are starting to work remotely and drinking over PC screens using Zoom, called “Zoom Nomi” is becoming common. It is an easier way to get together and do Nominication, but there’s a report that people tend to drink more at home because you can drink as long as you want (and go to sleep in your room). 
It’s fun to be together but don’t forget to drink moderately and take care of your health!

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Alcohol consumption アルコール摂取
・go well with 〜と相性が良い
・as a starter 手始めとして
・abbreviation of 〜の省略
・lifetime employment 終身雇用
・tend to 〜しがち

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

What exactly is Yukata and how does it differ from Kimono?

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A Yukata (浴衣) is a Japanese summer robe which is made of cotton or synthetic fabric. It is a casual version of Kimono, and originally was a bathrobe worn after soaking in Onsen as a quick way to cover the body and cool down. If you stay at a traditional Japanese inn, Yukata is often provided for this purpose, and it is common to see guests strolling around town wearing Yukata while onsen-hopping in popular Onsen resort towns. Nowadays people wear it as a summer garment, especially as a casual clothes for summer festivals. Yukata is worn by both men and women.

Customs

A wide variety of colors and designs are available. Just like Kimono, the general rule with Yukata is that younger people wear bright, vivid colors and bold patterns. While older people wear dark, matured colors with less flashy patterns. Yukata for men generally have darker and subdued colors.

Yukata is wrapped around the body and fastened with a sash called 帯/Obi over 腰紐/Koshihimo (a cord tied around the waist). The left side of the yukata goes over the right side. It is said that it brings bad fortune if it is reversed because that is how a traditional clothes is worn for a funeral. Obi is usually tied in a bow and placed in the back. Wooden sandals called 下駄/Geta are usually worn with Yukata. Foldable fan, 扇子/Sensu, and a 巾着/Kinchaku bag may be carried as a summer Yukata fashion.

These are geta shoes

Differences between Yukata and Kimono

Here are the main differences between Yukata and Kimono. If you are thinking about getting one, or trying to wear Japanese clothes, check the things below to make sure you are getting what you want and wear it right.

Season: Yukata is made a lot lighter than Kimono. Yukata is usually only worn during summer while Kimono can be used throughout the year. 

Material: Yukata is usually made of cotton or synthetic fabric and the price is lot cheaper than Kimono. Formal Kimono is made entirely from silk and hand-sewn. 

Collar: A regular Kimono has two collars but Yukata has only one. This is because a white underwear called 襦袢/Juban is used when putting on a Kimono but it is not worn under Yukata.

Below is a video on how to wear Yukata (for female).

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Fabric 布、繊維
・Soak in 〜に浸かる
・Flashy キラキラした、目立つ
・Mature 大人の
・Subdued 控えめな
・Throughout the year 一年中

Enjoy your summer!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

7 useful phrases to cheer someone up in Japanese

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Good friends and families support one another. It’s always good to encourage and cheer up each other especially when we are in a difficult situation. Here are 7 most common and useful phrases to cheer someone up in Japanese. 

1.頑張って!
Ganbatte! 
(Good luck!/ Keep it up!/ Do your best!)

This is one of the most common ways to cheer someone up.
頑張る(Ganbaru) means to try. If you would like to be a bit more polite, you can add ください (kudasai) at the end and say 頑張ってください(Ganbatte kudasai). And if you would like to say “Let’s do our best” to your colleagues or friends working together, 頑張ろう(Ganbarou) can be used.

2.幸運を祈ります　
Kouun wo inori masu
(Best of luck to you/I’ll keep my fingers crossed)

This is a very formal way of wishing someone’s luck. 幸運(Kouun) means good luck, and 祈ります (Inorimasu) means “I pray”. Together, the phrase means “I pray for your good luck/Best of luck to you”.

3.大丈夫ですよ
Daijoubu desuyo
(It will be alright/You’ll be OK)

大丈夫(Daijoubu) means “Alright”. You can add certainty to it by saying よ(Yo) at the end. Another way of saying it is 大丈夫だよ(Daoijoubu dayo), or you could simply say 大丈夫.

4.考えすぎないで
Kangae suginaide
(Don’t think/worry too much)

考える(Kangaeru) means to think, and 考えすぎる(Kangae sugiru) is to think too much. To make it a negative sentence, 〜ない(nai) can be added. で(de) at the end is like saying, “Please”.

5.元気を出して
Genki wo dashite 
(Cheer up)

It is often said to someone who’s feeling down to cheer him/her up.

6.応援しています
Ouen shiteimasu 
(I’m cheering you on)

応援(Ouen) is to cheer. 〜しています(shiteimasu) means “I’m -ing”. The phrase can be used to cheer up your friends and many fans of idols/athletes use this to tell that they are rooting for them.

7.あきらめないで
Akirame naide
(Never give up)

あきらめる(Akirameri) means to quit or give up. By adding 〜ないで(Naide/Do not) at the end, you can get the phrase “Never give up” .

There is another useful phrase, which is 気をつけて(Kiwotsukete/Be careful)

This phrase is often used with 〜に (Ni) right infront to specify what to be careful. For example, you could say 風邪に気をつけて(Kaze ni kiwotsukete), which means be careful of the cold/Don’t catch a cold (風邪 means cold). So if you would like to say, “Be careful of the coronavirus”, you could say コロナウィルスに気をつけて(Coronavirus ni kiwotsukete).

Thank you for reading today’s post. 
See you next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Wabi-Sabi : The Japanese Aesthetics

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What is Wabi-Sabi?

It is very hard to put the exact meanings of Wabi-Sabi into words, but it is basically a Japanese aesthetic concept, which is centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection by acknowledging “Nothing lasts, nothing is complete, and nothing is perfect”. Wabi-Sabi mind is unpretentious and connected to nature.

侘び寂び/Wabi-Sabi is a combination of two separate ways of seeing the world: Wabi is about the beauty in nature and to appreciate it in humble simplicity. Sabi is about the beauty of the impermanence of aging, the flow of the time and the seasons, and the aspect of imperfect reliability acknowledging that nothing stays the same.

For centuries, Wabi-Sabi has been practised in Japan and it is the basic idea behind traditional Japanese art works, architectures, crafts, etc. Things that are imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete like the nature itself has been considered as the most powerful and beautiful. Thus, traditional artists prefered simple images with less artificial effects, and left blank spaces intentionally as you can see in many Japanese scroll paintings. Interestingly, the concept contrasts the classical western notion of beauty, in which something perfect, monumental, and enduring has been considered as elegant.

Influence of Buddhism

The underlying idea behind Wabi-Sabi is the Buddhist teachings called 三法印/Sanpouin, which was introduced to Japan from China. The important three teachings of it are as below:

無常/Mujo, Impermanence: It is to understand and accept that nothing stays unchanged in life. You need to go through the rise and fall in life and even the ones you are deeply in love will have to leave this world at some point.

苦/Ku, Suffering: It is to acknowledge “To live is to suffer”. Life is hard and there are a lot of obstacles out there and within yourself. But at the same time, sufferings can lead to growth if you understand the cause and face it.

空/Kuu, Emptiness or Absence of Self: It is to know that being empty is important as it creates a lot more space and help you see the world as it is without interferences. The idea is similar to the concept of today’s minimalism movement.

Understanding these was honored especially among the Japanese nobilities and it is still practiced widely in Japan.
In a way, Wabi-Sabi is a mind training. The learners practice to find the core, basic beauty in nature and in everyday life, which is also an important aspect of Zen Buddhism. By applying the idea, one can achieve liberation from the material world and transcendence to a simpler life. Wabi-Sabi is on nonverbal terms so practitioners can not reach the genuine understanding of it without putting the concept in practice or making art works. 

We live in a state of constant longings and competitions with others, always being dissatisfied and stressed. It’s hard to take a break or step back and appreciate what we have right now. The Japanese philosophy of Wabi-Sabi can teach us how to sort things out and find what really is important. Wabi-Sabi continues to inspire us today. 

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Aesthetic 美学、美の
・Acknowledge 認識する
・Unpretentious 控えめな
・Impermanent 永久的でない、一時的な
・Liberation from 〜からの解放
・Transcendence 超越

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Ikebana : Flower arrangement in Japan

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生花/Ikebana is a traditional flower arrangement. The word is from the Japanese 生ける/Ikeru (to arrange flowers, have life, be living) and 花/Hana (Flower), and it is also known as 華道/Kadou. Ikebana aims to bring out the inner qualities of flowers and express the harmony between nature and humanity considering colors, lines, forms, spaces, and time.

History of Ikebana

When Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century from China and Korea, offering flowers to statues of the Buddha became common. Unlike India, where lotus was widely used, other native flowers for each season were used for this purpose in Japan. This practice is believed to be the origin of flower arrangement in Japan, though at that time there were no meanings or systems. Later on, central flower arrangement named Shin-no-hana started : In the middle, a huge branch of pine or cryptomeria was used, and 3 or 5 seasonable flowers were places around it.
That was the first attempt to represent natural scenery.

The styles of ikebana we see today were perfected in the Muromachi period (1336-1573) with the development of the 書院造/Shoin-zukuri (a style of Japanese houses used in the mansions of the military, temple guest halls, and as a place to train Zen. Floors in the residents are covered with tattami) architectural style. As the interior decorations, 掛物/Kakemono (scroll pictures) and flower arrangements in vases became popular. The practice of Ikebana flourished with the combination of belief systems of Buddhism along with 依代/Yorishiro (objects that divine spirits are summoned to) of Shintoism.

The flower arrangement became a fine art and mental training for lords and a Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1436-1490) spread the custom widely. He was so into art like tea ceremony and Ikebana that he even built a temple in Kyoto known as Ginkaku-ji, where he could focus on his studies.

Soami, a friend of Yoshimasa and a painter, conceived the idea of expressing three elements of heaven, human, and earth through Ikebana and that concept is still practiced today.
Under the influence of Buddhist tea masters, Ikebana has grown over the centuries, and there are over 2,000 ikebana schools now.

How flowers are arranged

Arrangements are often mounted in a vase, though this is not always the case. The surface of the water is considered as the surface of the earth from which plants stand. Ikebana often emphasizes areas of the plant such as its stems, leave, shape, line and form. Ikebana artists express through the combination of colors, shapes, lines, and the implied meanings. To reflect the beauty of the nature, applying minimalism without designing too much is considered to be a virtue.  

Artists need to think about the appropriate arrangements for occasions as well. For example, for a flower offering at death, they should use white flowers to express peace. If they give flowers as gifts, they need to choose flowers in bud, so that the person receiving can enjoy seeing them open.

Ikebana teaches a lot to the one who practices it : He/She can feel close to the nature, relax mind and learn to become more patient. Now that we live in a very hectic and stressful time, practitioners say it provides peace of mind, body, and soul. If you are in Japan, you can find many schools listed on the internet by just searching. If you are not here and would like to learn online, I can introduce a teacher so just send me a message to : [email protected]

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Humanity 人間性
・be perfected 完成される
・Architectural 建物の
・Elements 要素
・Imply ほのめかす
・Virtue 美徳

Thank you for reading today’s post. 
Until next time!
Taka 

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Maneki-neko : The lucky cat of Japan

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招き猫/Maneki-neko is a cat doll and it is believed that it brings good luck to the owner. It gained popularity in the feng shui movement in China, but it originated in Japan. They are translated as “Lucky Cats” or “Beckoning Cats” in English. Each cat has some meanings and there are interesting legends about its origin.

Common features and meanings

Cat dolls we see these days are usually made of ceramic or plastic, but you may find them made of different materials like wood or even real gold. They are traditionally seated with one paw raised in a beckoning gesture (the Japanese beckoning gesture is done by holding up a hand with palm down, and folding the fingers down and back repeatedly). A doll with the left paw raised is to bring in more customers and the right paw raised is to get more money. If both paws are raised, a cat doll is providing protection. It is believed that the higher the paw is raised, the more luck the cat invites.

Some of them hold a Koban coin, a gold coin used in the Edo period with the amount of money written on it. 千万両/Sen-man ryo is often used, which is ten million 両/Ryo (Ryo was the monetary unit used in the Edo period. 1 Ryo was about $1,000). 

Maneki-neko cats come in different colors and the most common color is white.Some of them are battery- or solar-powered and move arms endlessly in the beckoning gesture.

Cat dolls are often placed at the entrance of shops, restaurants, and other businesses so that they can welcome good fortune from the outside.

History

Although the exact birthplace of Maneki-neko is uncertain, It is commonly believed that it originated in Tokyo, (some insist it was Kyoto). And it is most likely that Maneki-neko first appeared during the later part of the Edo period.

Among many legends about the birth of Maneki-neko, the most popular is the legend of Gotoku temple. Once upon a time in the 17th century in Tokyo, there was a monk lived in a small temple. He was very poor but he cared his pet cat, Tama, and did not forget to share meals. Then there came the feudal lord of Hikone area, Lord Naotaka. He was on his way to do some huntings, and a storm came suddenly. He found a big tree near the temple and decided to stay there for a while. He noticed Tama raising one paw as if beckoning him to the temple. He was very curious and followed Tama and went inside of the temple. It was then that a lightning bolt hit the tree where he was and started pouring down. Thanks to Tama, Lord Naotaka was safe and he didn’t even need to get wet. He became the patron of the temple and repaired it and renamed it 豪徳寺/Gotoku temple in 1697 which made the monk happy as well. When Tama died, he was buried in a special grave and a statue of Beckoning cat was made to commemorate Tama. 

Another famous legend is a story of a cat sat in front of the store beckoning customers for poor shop owners and the place became popular. Whatever the origin was, the thing in common is that a beckoning cat brings good luck to the owner.  

Gotokuji Temple

So many cat dolls are placed there!

Address: Gotokuji, Tokyo prefecture 2-24-7

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Beckoning 招く
・Material 材料、物質、教材
・Once upon a time 昔々
・On one’s way to 〜へ行く途中で
・Decide to 〜すると決める
・be buried 埋められる

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Obon : Summer festival time in Japan

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What is Obon?

お盆/Obon is an annual Japanese holiday/festival in the summer.
It is originally a Japanese Buddhist custom, which has been celebrated in Japan over 500 years. Obon is to commemorate and remember deceased ancestors and it is believed that their spirits return this time of the year to visit the relatives. During Obon season, people return to ancestral family places to visit ancestors’ graves and give some food offerings.
Family members get together and many summer festivals are held where people perform traditional dance known as 盆踊り/Bon Odori under the light of lanterns (it is believed that the fires will be a guide for ancestors to find where the relatives are).

When is it?

Obon is typically celebrated from Aug 13 to 15, but the dates may vary depending on the region of Japan.
In the Meiji era (1868-1912), the calendar system was changed to the Gregorian calendar and some areas change the date for Obon based on the new calendar while other places didn’t. Therefore, we see Obon in July in eastern Japan (such as Tokyo, Yokohama, etc), and on the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar in other places (between Aug 8 and Sep 7. This can be seen in the northern part of the Kanto area, Chugoku, Shikoku, and Okinawa).
Obon is a traditional event and not an official holiday, but many people take some days off and close businesses to see relatives, be thankful to ancestors, and enjoy the summer.

Origin

Obon is based on a legend about a Buddhist monk named Maudgalyāyana (and Obon festival is originated from the Ghost Festival of China). He used his supernatural power to look in the world after death and found his deceased mother there, who was suffering because of the hungry ghosts around her.
He asked Buddha for help and Buddha told him to give offerings to Buddhist monks who had completed their summer retreat on the 15th day of the 7th month.
This worked and his mother was released. And then he danced in celebration making a large circle with others. This dance became Bon Dance.

About Bon Dance

Obon takes place in the hot summer, so people wear 浴衣/Yukata (light cotton Kimono) to join and enjoy the festival and Bon Dance. The style of Bon Dance varies from region to region. The typical Bon dance involves people gather in a circle around やぐら/Yagura, a high scaffold. It is also used as the bandstand for the musicians of Bon music. People dance in clockwise or counterclockwise around Yagura and sometimes move towards and away from it. Ohara Matsuri in Kagoshima and Awa Odori in Tokushima areas have different style: people proceed in a straight line and go through the streets like a parade, playing music and dancing to it.

Each region has a local dance style, as well as different music. In Hokkaido, ソーラン節/Soran Bushi, is performed. People dance acting like fishermen trying to catch fish using nets. Gujo in Gifu prefecture, is famous for Gujo Odori, which is the all night dancing celebration.

Many different kinds of music is played during dance performances including traditional festival music, folk music, some modern popular music, and 演歌/Enka (sort of like the Japanese blues/Folk music. Singers sing about the nostalgia and determination in life).

Can everyone join the festival?

The religious meaning of Obon season has faded and it is celebrated more of a fun summer festival nowadays. Even if you are a tourist from a different country, you are welcome to join. You can enjoy the feel of it if you attend wearing Yukata, but that is not a must.
But note that you may need to be a member of the performers to join some Bon dance, so if you would like to participate in the dancing, check in advance or ask someone there.

This year, a lot of summer events have already been cancelled because of the coronavirus. I hope festivals will be held next time and I would like to see many people enjoying the summer in 2021!

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Deceased 故人
・Ancestor 祖先
・Relatives 親族
・Clockwise 時計回り
・Religious 宗教の
・In advance 事前に

Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Honne & Tatemae : How the Japanese people behave in public

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Japanese Person: Come visit my place. We should get together sometime!（いつでも遊びに来てください/Itsudemo asobini kite kudasai）

You: We should! Let me know when. 

Japanese Person: Sure!

Then, you wait and wait but the Japanese person never invites you…

In Japan, this kind of communication sometimes occur. If you don’t know much about the Japanese culture, I’m sure you will be confused and wonder why do the Japanese do that. Are the Japanese people being rude by telling lies? Are they hiding things from you? Well, the truth is, “Come visit/You should visit sometime” is often said just to be polite, and it is not a real invitation. 

This is called 本音と建前/Honne & Tatemae in Japanese. 本音/Honne are the person’s true feelings and desires, and 建前/Tatemae, are the opinions and behaviors one displays in public. It seems complicated, but actually it is nothing new and a totally common way of behaving in cultures anywhere in the world.

Why do the Japanese behave like that?

In Japanese culture, people often avoid direct confrontation or disagreement in public because disapproval of others are seen as shame and that could lower the social standing.

Therefore, Honne are often kept hidden as they may be contrary to what is expected by society or what is required according to one’s position and circumstances.

Japan is an island nation with the population density of about 347 persons per km² (and about 6,157 persons in Tokyo). To make sure that the society works smoothly, people need to act formally caring others and avoiding conflicts as much as possible. Failure to do so might be seen as aggressive or insulting. By applying Tatemae behavior, one is socially protected and considered as being part of the society (and this explains why the Japanese prefer to work in groups rather than individually). Tatemae is what is expected by society, so it may or may not match one’s Honne and that is the reason why sometimes people tell lies (but assuming that the person listening to them know that they are just Tatemae, and people have no intention of hurting others by using Tatemae) to avoid exposing the true feelings. In a way, the Japanese are doing so to be polite in public.

Every culture has some aspects of Honne and Tatemae, or private mind and public mind in English. In order to look nice and maybe to get promoted, business workers in many countries don’t freely express personal thoughts and feelings to their boss, and in this era of massive amount of information and thinking how quickly one post goes viral on SNS, people are careful as to the amount and kind of information they share in order not to offend or hurt the others out there.

If you are stressed…

So, it is a mistake to simply conclude that the Japanese are two-faced and rude. Honne & Tatemae is a natural behavior in a very small collective society where a greater extent to avoid conflict with other people is needed. However, this can be very stressful especially for people from other countries. Even I, a Japanese person who grew up in Tokyo, got really stressed out when I came back from the U.S.
Everytime you talk to someone in public, you need to read his and her minds and judge if what they said was Honne or Tatemae. I would go like, why don’t everyone just use Honne!

Here’s a tip if you are tired about all this: Don’t take things personally, and get to know your colleagues/friends better. Building personal relationships outside of the office/school will make a huge difference. You can hear what people really think and see the true characters of them. If you like drinking, do not miss a chance to go to Izakaya (Japanese pub) together in a smaller group. If you don’t drink, you could join some kind of event together. You will be surprised how openly they talk compared to the way they behave in public. 
I’m a representative of an organisation called Family Planet Japan which supports foreign workers and residents in Japan. If you feel lonely, stressed, or need any help, feel free to contact us : [email protected] (This is not Tatemae by the way lol).

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Occur 起きる
・Disagreement 反対
・Density 密度
・Insulting 侮辱的な
・Go viral 情報が半端に共有される
・Take things personally 物事を個人的に受け取る

Thank you for reading today’s post.
Until next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

How and when to bow : A simple guide to bowing etiquette in Japan

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When greeting each other, people in Japan bow instead of shaking hands. Why do we do that? Is there a meaning? What is a proper way to do it? Let’s learn about お辞儀/Ojigi, or bowing culture in Japan.

History

It is believed that bowing traces its roots back to Buddhism brought to Japan from the ancient China sometime between the 5th and 8th centuries. Bowing is an important gesture of respect and piety in Buddhist teachings, and worshippers bow in devotion. By lowering head, being the most important part of a body, you show that you are not intended to attack or hurt others. It is to admire the person you are talking to and also to be humble. Such religious etiquette is believed to be the foundation of Ojigi in Japan.

During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), with the appearance of first feudal military government and Samurai warriors, well-disciplined warrior etiquette along with bowing became important. Instructions on proper ways to bow and show loyalty to the master were made and later in the Edo period (1603-1868), the practice had spread to the common people when there were clear hierarchies. People in lower classes had to bow deeply to land owners and government officials as a sign of respect and obedience.

In modern days, bowing is a social etiquette and doing it correctly is widely considered to be the defining characteristic of adulthood. It is no wonder that many companies in Japan take the extra effort to train their employees on how to bow well during business meetings.

How do the Japanese bow?

A bowing ranges from a small nod of the head called 会釈/Eshaku to a deep bend at the waist called 最敬礼/Saikeirei. A deeper, longer bow indicates that much respect and a small nod with the head is casual and informal. Being overly polity will look strange, so casual nodding is often done in many situations nowadays and most Japanese do not expect foreigners to know proper bowing and etiquette, so a nod of the head is usually sufficient. However, when a formal greeting takes place on tatami floor, there’s a rule to get on the knees to bow. This is called 座礼/Zarei, and it is an important part of Japanese culture especially in traditional activities like the tea ceremony, kendo, etc. 

This is a formal way of bowing on tatami

Bowing is also used to thank, apologize, make a request or ask someone a favor. Bowing with your palms together at chest level is a greeting style in Thailand and is not widely practiced in Japan (though some people do it casually when asking something).

In Business situations

It depends on the custom of a company you are in, but generally speaking, when you meet someone for the first time, especially if they are from a different company, you need to bow as a greeting.
When you meet your boss or manager, bowing deeply first is often considered polite and respectful.
Bowing is also done before beginning a presentation and an important meeting. If you are a foreign worker and not sure what to do, just follow what others do.

At Shinto Shrines

If you have a chance to visit a shinto shrine, it is the best to know the proper way of showing respect. Worshipers at a Shinto shrine generally follow 二拝二拍手一拝/Nirei-Nihakushu-Ichirei, or 2 bows, 2 claps, and 1 bow procedure. 

Upon arriving at a shrine, it is proper for a worshiper to perform a slight bow towards the main temple building as they cross the 鳥居/Torii gate (The gate is believed to be the sacred gateway between the mundane world and the areas where gods are. When leaving the temple complex, the same procedure applies).
It is respectful to perform another bow toward the altar as an introduction when approaching the main temple building. Then throw some Japanese coins into 賽銭箱/Saisan-bako, offertory box as a donation and ring the bell above the entrance for blessings.
In the main praying process, a worshipper should perform two deep bows and two claps in front of the chest and make a wish. At the end, put the hands down and perform another deep bow to finish the praying. Noises made by the coins, bells and claps are believed to have the effect of taking the negative energy or evil spirits away and bringing in good fortunes.

There is another type of greeting at shops and restaurants.
Upon entering, you hear workers say いらっしゃいませ/Ira-shai-mase to customers. It is like saying “Thank you for coming to our shop”, and no response from the customer is required. 

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Worshippers 参拝者
・be intended to 〜であると意図される
・Feudal 封建制度の
・Indicate 示す、表す
・Bring in 〜を呼び込む
・Procedure 手順

Thank you for reading today’s post! 
I hope this will help you understand more about Japanese culture.
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

What makes Japan healthy? : Healthy diet and tips

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People in Japan are healthy. According to the data released by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, the average life expectancy of the Japanese male, as of 2018, was 81.25 years for men and 87.32 years for women (overall average was 84.21, which was the second-highest behind 84.93 in Hong Kong). In addition, the Japanese have the lowest rates of obesity (as of 2017, only 3.6% of people in Japan have BMI over 30, whereas the rate was 32% in the U.S). It is said that the advances in treating diseases, welfare services, and people’s rising health awareness have contributed a lot to the long life expectancy.
However, they are not the only factors. Long and healthy life can be attributed to a healthy diet that has been practiced for centuries in Japan.
Below is about the healthy Japanese diet. As the time you spend at home increases, maintaining health could get harder. You might be able to improve your healthy by adapting Japanese way of living!

What and how do the Japanese eat?

・Rice

Just like many people in Asian countries, the Japanese eat rice more than wheat. Studies suggest that eating rice is associated with lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease while wheat increases it. What is more, a rice-heavy diet doesn’t come with the gut irritation that many have in reaction to wheat. Rice contains fewer carbs and more vitamins and minerals than wheat does.
Consuming more rice will definitely improve your health.

・A lot of vegetables (especially pickled ones)

The Japanese eat vegetables a lot. 漬物/Tsukemono, pickled vegetables, in particular have a lot of benefits such as the prevention of diabetes and obesity because many of them are fermented.

・Fish and Seaweed

Japan is an island country and people eat more seafood (often fresh and unprocessed like Sashimi) compared to other countries. You can take omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, which are crucial for optimal body and brain function and they can reduce the risk of many diseases. Fish can lower inflammation and improve your health, whereas red meat can increase your risk of cancer and obesity.

・Beans

There are a lot of bean-based products in Japan such as Tofu, Natto, Miso, and people eat them daily. They provide healthy plant-based protein and they are low in fat and calories. They can help you lose your weight and can significantly lower bad cholesterol, which is a risk factor for heart disease.

・Green tea and Matcha

Green tea and Matcha tea are high in antioxidant compounds, which may help prevent cell damage and lower your risk of chronic diseases. They can reduce liver enzyme levels and decrease the risk of liver disease.

・People eat moderately

It is also important to control the portion. Traditionally, the Japanese don’t eat too much and have a healthy attitude to food and eating. Japanese food is served in a set of small dishes and people eat with chopsticks in small quantities. This way, you can enjoy food and digest slowly.

A healthy diet can reduce the risk of dying young and help you lead a long and healthy life. After all, prevention is much easier than the cure of a disease so a healthy diet is the key to enjoy life!

Today’s words and phrases

今日の単語/フレーズ

・Life expectancy 平均寿命
・Obesity 肥満
・be associated with 〜に関連する
・Crucial for 〜にとって無くてはならない
・Optimal 最適な
・Portion 量

Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

The Japanese Zodiac sign : What it says about you?

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What is the Japanese Zodiac sign?

The Japanese zodiac (十二支/Junishi) is based on Chinese Zodiac and is divided into 12 blocks with each block containing a group of years. Reading of the Zodiac is popular not only in Japan but also in many Asian countries such as Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand.  

It is said that this type of Zodiac reading was already there in 1600 BC in China, and there is a famous story about the origin of it.

Long time ago, God (some say that it was Buddha) gathered 12 animals to create the zodiac. He told animals to meet on Jan 1st and the selection would be in accordance with the order in which they would arrive. Cat came late there and did not know what was going on. Mouse told Cat a lie and said that there would be a meeting for making the zodiac on Jan 2nd.
On Jan 1st, Cow, being the slowest of all, woke up early and started the race first to win. The mouse hid on the cow and just before the cow was getting in front of the God, the mouse jumped off and became the first to arrive.
Then the Cow, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog and pig followed. When the cat arrived (he was too late to be added to the list), he knew that he had been fooled by the mouse and that is how he began to chase the mouse to this day swearing that he would never forgive the mouse.

Every year is represented by a different zodiac sign/animal, and it is believed that we can read a person’s personality or events in their life as well as the relationships with others. The zodiac begins with the sign of the Rat and go around as below, and an animal sign is assigned to a person based on the year in which he/she was born

1.子/Ne: Rat               
Born in 2020, 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960, 1948, 1936, 1924, 1912. 

2.丑/Ushi: Ox             
Born in 2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961, 1949, 1937, 1925, 1913.

3.寅/Tora: Tiger          
Born in 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962, 1950, 1938, 1926, 1914. 

4.卯/U: Rabbit    
Born in 2011, 1999, 1987, 1975, 1963, 1951, 1939, 1927, 1915. 

5.辰/Tatsu: Dragon
Born in  2012, 2000, 1988, 1976, 1964, 1952, 1940, 1928, 1916. 

6.巳/Mi: Snake
Born in 2013, 2001, 1989, 1977, 1965, 1953, 1941, 1929, 1917. 

7.午/Uma: Horse
Born in 2014, 2002, 1990, 1978, 1966, 1954, 1942, 1930, 1918, 1906. 

8.未/Hitsuji: Sheep
Born in 2015, 2003, 1991, 1979, 1967, 1955, 1943, 1931, 1919, 1907. 

9.申/Saru: Monkey
Born in 2016, 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968, 1956, 1944, 1932, 1920, 1908. 

10.酉/Tori: Rooster
Born in 2017, 2005, 1981, 1969, 1957, 1945, 1933, 1921, 1909. 

11.戌/Inu: Dog
Born in 2018, 2006, 1982, 1970, 1958, 1946, 1934, 1922, 1910.

12.亥/Inoshishi: Boar
Born in 2019, 2007, 1983, 1971, 1959, 1947, 1935, 1923, 1911.

Personalities and Compativility

There are a lot of variations and different rules to read zodiac signs, but below are the general characteristic of people based on the Zodiac reading.

Rat 
They are good at adapting themselves and very cautious. They are clever and plan things out well. They have a capacity for pursuing a course to its end, but can be short-tempered.

Best with : Ox, Dragon, Monkey
Not good with : Horse, Sheep, Rabbit

Ox
Although they seem to be lazy, they are deep thinkers and very patient. They won’t make complains and have strong will power.
But once they get upset, they go out of control.

Best with : Rat, Snake, Rooster
Not good with : Sheep, Horse, Dog

Tiger 
They are very active and they like trying something new. They are positive and don’t get depressed much. They are courageous but sometimes they can be seen that they are selfish and mean.

Best with : Dog, Sheep, Boar 
Not good with : Monkey, Snake

Rabbit
They are charming and can be very popular. They are smooth talkers and good at increasing social circles but sometimes try too many things randomly, so people around might think they are mysterious or trustless.

Best with : Dog, Sheep, Boar
Not good with : Rooster, Dragon, Monkey

Dragon
They are brave and can inspire others by achieving something innovative. Very energetic but the feeling goes up and down like a roller coaster, and many people with this sign have dramatic life.

Best with : Mouse, Monkey
Not good with : Dog, Rabbit, other Dragons

Snake
They are very calm and tend to keep some distance from people around them. They are smart and can pay attention to details. Once they are determined in what they do, they won’t give up till they achieve it.

Best with : Monkey, Ox, Rooster
Not good with : Boar, Tiger, Monkey

Horse
They are friendly and open-minded, so they have a lot of companions. They like to challenge things but can lose interest very quickly. They are warm-hearted but can be easily deceived. 

Best with : Tiger, Dog
Not good with : Mouse, Sheep, other Horses

Sheep 
They don’t like conflicts and hardly ever get angry. They are honest and good at building relationships with people around, but can be too anxious and don’t like taking risks.

Best with : Horse, Rabbit, Boar
Not good with : Mouse, Ox

Monkey 
They like to be popula. They are intuitive but at the same time clever, so they can act/work very efficiently. But they can be too flashy and arrogant sometimes.

Best with : Snake, Mouse, Dragon
Not good with : Tiger, Boar

Rooster 
It is said that people with this sign have good luck. They can live well based on their instincts and they are passionate. They hate to lose and can be over-competitive sometimes.

Best with : Dragon, Ox, Snake
Not good with : Dog, other Roosters

Dog 
They have a sense of duty and loyalty, and they like to help others. They have a strong sense of justice and try to do things right but they are not flexible. 

Best with : Rabbit, Tiger, Horse
Not good with : Dragon, Rooster, Ox, Sheep

Boar 
They are very determined and self-disciplined. They are honest, brave, serious, and strict but a little clumsy and can be sensitive.

Best with : Tiger, Rabbit, Sheep
Not good with : Snake, Monkey, other Boars

It is fun to read the zodiac sings and think about relationships between people around. Japan has another interesting theory on personality : Blood type personality. I wrote about it on another post so please take a look if you are interested :https://hidanotaka.com/blood-type-personality-theory-in-japanwhat-it-says-about-you/

Today’s words and phrases 今日の単語/フレーズ

・Zodiac sign  干支、星座
・Swear 　誓う
・In accordance with 〜に従って
・Compatibility　相性
・Instinct　本能
・Flexible　柔軟性のある

Thank you for reading today’s post. 
Until next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

If you have any questions, feel free to contact me: [email protected]

The Japanese Alps : Things to know and where to visit

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What are the Japanese Alps?

The Japanese Alps (or 中部山岳国立公園/Chubu Sangaku National Park) are a series of mountain ranges in the middle part of main Island of Japan. They consist of 飛騨山脈/Hida Mountains, 木曽山脈/Kiso Mountains and 赤石山脈/Akaishi Mountains. Many mountains in the Japanese Alps are over 3,000 meters high, and are popular with climbers and outdoor lovers from Japan and abroad. The whole area is 200 km long and 40 km wide, and the highest point is at Mount Kita (3,193 m above sea level, highest next to Mt.Fuji).

Why are they named the Japanese Alps?

A British archaeologist, William Gowland coined the term in the late 19th century. He introduced Western mountain climbing into Japan and later an English missionary named Walter Weston climbed part of the Japanese Alps and wrote about it in his book. The book and the Japanese Alps became popular worldwide. At Kamikochi, a famous valley in Nagano prefecture, a memorial plaque of him is placed.

3 parts of the Japanese Alps

Northern Alps （飛騨山脈/Hida mountains)

The Northern Alps are known as the Hida Mountains that reach Nagano, Toyama, and Gifu prefectures. The area includes 御嶽山/Mt.Ontake, 乗鞍岳/Mt.Norikura, 焼岳/Mt.Yake, 霞沢岳/Mt.Kasumizawadak, 穂高岳/Mt.Hotaka, 槍岳/Mt.Yari, 常念岳/Mt.Jonen, 鷲羽岳/Washibadake, 水晶岳/Mt.Suisho, 餓鬼岳/Mt.Gaki, 立山/Mt.Tate, 鹿島槍ヶ岳/ Mt.Kashima Yariga , 五竜岳/Mt.Goryu, and 白馬岳/Mt.Shirouma.

Central Alps（木曽山脈/Kiso Mountains）

The central alps are known as the Kiso Mountains located in the Nagano prefecture. It includes 恵那山/Mt. Ena, 安平路山/Mt. Anpaiji, 越百山/Mount Kusumoyam, 南駒ヶ岳/Mt. Minamikoma, 空木岳/Mt Utsugi, 宝剣岳/Mount Hoken, 基礎駒岳/Mt.Kisokoma, 経ヶ岳/Mt.Kyoga.

Southern Alps（赤石山脈/Akaishi Mountains）

The southern alps are known as the Akaishi Mountains. They span Nagano, Yamanashi, and Shizuoka prefectures including 鳳凰山/Mt.Houou, 農鳥岳/Mt.Noutori, 間ノ岳/Mt.Aino, 北岳/Mt. Kita, 甲斐駒ヶ岳/Mt.Kaikomaga, 仙丈ヶ岳/Mt.Senjo, and 鋸岳/Mt.Nokogiri.

Here’s the map and detailed info by Japan-alps.com:

http://www.japan-alps.com/map/map_english.pdf

Where to visit around the Alps

Around the Japaneses alps, there are 7 popular tourist attractions: 

・富山/Toyama：Famous for fresh seafood and Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route that is a magnificent mountain sightseeing route connecting Toyama and Omachi. In Spring, 20 m-high snow walls appear in the area. To know more about Toyama, please check the link here:

Top 9 amazing things in Toyama

・大町市/Ohmachi：It is in Nagano prefecture, and the city offers a variety of activities from mountain climbing, skiing, and Kayaking. It is also close to Kurobe Dam and Kurobe Alpine Route. To know more about Nagano, please check the link here:

9 amazing places to visit in Nagano

・飛騨/Hida：Hida furukawa has traditional storehouses with water channels called Setogawa. To learn more about Hida area, please check the link here:

Shirakawa go and Hida furukawa: 2 beautiful places near Takayama

・高山/Takayama：Takayama festival is held annually in Spring and Autumn attracting tourists from all over the world. To know more about Takayama, please check the link here: https://hidanotaka.com/about-takayama/

・安曇野/Azumino：There is the largest wasabi farm and the area is know for clear water and picturesque valley.

・松本/Matsumoto：A black, magnificent Matsumoto Castle is the symbol of the city. The area is rich in nature and history.

・塩尻/Shiojiri：It is in the center of Nagano prefecture. At 奈良井宿/Naraijuku, buildings from hundres of years ago still stand on the ancient highway called 中山道/Nakasendou.

There are so many things to see around The Japanese Alps.
If you like outdoor activities and historical places, it is definitely one of the best places to visit in Japan!

Today’s words and phrases 今日の単語/フレーズ

・a series of –  一連の〜
・mountain range 山脈
・magnificent 壮大な
・valley 谷、盆地
・coin （言葉を）作り出す
・ancient 古代の、昔の

Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Tokyo Tower : History and Interesting facts

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About Tokyo Tower and its History

Tokyo Tower (officially called 日本電波塔/Nippon denpato, Japan Radio Tower) is an iconic tower in Minato-Ku, Shiba Park in Tokyo. It is 333m tall and it was the tallest tower in Japan until the construction of Tokyo Skytree (634m tall) in 2010. 

Tokyo Tower was built in 1958 as a large broadcasting tower and also as a monument to symbolize a global economic powerhouse.
Since the opening, over 180 million people have visited the tower.
There’s a four floor building under the tower where you can enjoy shopping, eating, and visiting museums. Guests can visit two observation decks. Main Observatory deck is at 150m and the smaller Top deck called Special Observatory reaches 249m. The night view of Tokyo Tower is especially popular with beautiful illuminations.

Interesting Facts about Tokyo Tower

  • This Eiffel Tower-like structure is painted white and vivid reddish, international orange (the color which is used to stands out to comply with air safety regulations. Golden Gate Bridge and many big buildings and towers have this color). 
     
  • Radio antennas were installed in 1961 for television broadcasting.
  • Later upon starting digital television transition, it was found that Tokyo Tower’s height was not enough to cover complete terrestrial digital broadcasting in Tokyo. So the taller tower, Tokyo Skytree was built in 2012. Tokyo Tower broadcasts analog television, digital television, radio and digital radio now. 
  • Tokyo Tower is made of steel, and most of it was taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War.
  • A small Shinto Shrine is located on the second floor of the Main Observatory to ward off evil spirits and hope for the safety.   
  • It is estimated that it cost around 30 billion yen to build Tokyo Tower. 
  • Tokyo Tower weights about 4000t (Eiffel Tower is about 9700t) and Sky Tree is about 41.000t. Sky Tree is made extremely heavy to be able to stand still in case of an earthquake. 
  • The tower is painted every five years. It takes a year to complete the repainting. It is scheduled to be repainted in 2024.
  • There’s the Tokyo Tower Was Museum in the foot town which displays wax figures such as The Beatles imported from London.
  • Tokyo Tower’s ligting is occasionally changed. For example, Christmas tree like illumination is set during the season and just a few months ago, it turned blue to honour medical personnel fighting the coronavirus.
  • The real estate registration of Tokyo Tower says there are 2 basement floors but there’s only 1 basement floor. This is because the first/ground floor is placed on a slope which is considered as a basement floor on a paper. 

Access

Nearest station is 赤羽橋駅 Akabanebashi station 

From 新宿/Shinjuku Station
Take Toei Oedo Line for Tochomae to Akabanebashi.
It is about a 5-minute walk from the Akabanebashi Exit.

From 東京/Tokyo Station
Take JR Yamanote Line for Shinagawa to Hamamatsucho/Daimon. 
Then take Toei Oedo Line for Roppongi/Tochou-mae and get off at Akabanebashi. It is about a 5-minute walk from the Akabanebashi Exit. 

From 成田空港/Narita Airport
Take Skyliner for Keisei Ueno to Nippori.
Then taake JR Yamanote Line for Ueno to Hamamatsucho/Daimon.
Take Toei Oedo Line for Roppongi/Tochou-mae and get off at Akabanebashi. It is about a 5-minute walk from the Akabanebashi Exit. 

From 羽田空港/Haneda Airport
Take Tokyo Monorail for Hamamatsucho. Then take Toei Oedo Line for Roppongi/Tochou-mae and get off at Akabanebashi. It is about a 5-minute walk from the Akabanebashi Exit. 

Address: 4-2-8 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 

Hours: 9:00am to 11:00pm (Last entry at 10:30pm)
※Currently due to the coronavirus, business hours are shorten.
Please check the detailed information here: https://www.tokyotower.co.jp/price/en.html

Price: 
・To Main Deck
Adult(19 years old and over) 1,200yen
High School (From 16 to 18 years old) 1,000yen
Jr.High, Elementary School (From 7 to 15 years old) 700yen

・To Top Deck Tour
Adult(19 years old and over)
[Online Tickets]2,800yen [Ticket counter]3,000yen

High School (From 16 to 18 years old)
[Online Tickets]2,600yen [Ticket counter]2,800yen　

Jr.High, Elementary School (From 7 to 15 years old)
[Online Tickets]1,800yen [Ticket counter]2,000yen

Children (From 4 to 6 years old)
[Online Tickets]1,200yen [Ticket counter]1,400yen

Today’s words and phrases 今日の単語/フレーズ

・Observation deck 展望台
・Iconic 象徴的な
・Broadcasting tower 電波塔
・It is estimated that… 〜と推定されている
・Construction 建設
・Reddish 赤っぽい

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

What is Kendo?:The way of Sword and Samurai explained

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Kendo, written as 剣道 (Sword way) is a traditional Japanese 武道/Budou (The Martial way). It aims to forge the mind and body of practitioners called 剣道家/Kendo-ka (also called 剣士/Kenshi) through Japanese Samurai swordsmanship techniques. According to The ALL Japan Kendo Federation, there are about 1.9 million people in the country who practice Kendo, and 30% of them are women.
It is also estimated that there are over 6 million practitioners worldwide. Kendo-ka use 竹刀/Shinai (bamboo swords) and wear protective armor called 稽古着/Keiko-gi and traditional Japanese garments, 袴/Hakama. Kendo techniques include thrusts, strikes and response to attacks.

History

The techniques used in Kendo can be traced back to the 13th century. Swordsmen in Japan opened several schools to teach 剣術/Kenjutsu (Sword techniques), and some centuries later, the formal exercise known as 型/Kata were developed. During the 正徳時代/Shotoku Era (1711–1715), 長沼四郎左衛門国郷/Naganuma Shirozaemon Kunisato developed a method to practice swords using bamboo swords and armors. 

In the 1820s, 千葉 周作 成政/Chiba Shusaku Narimasa, one of the greatest Samurais in the history, introduced 撃剣/Gekiken (training duels with bamboo swords and armor) to the curriculum of traditional arts. His school became very popular and at the end of the Edo period, the use of bamboo swords and armors became a standard practice. Many of the techniques in modern Kendo are based on the teachings from his school. 

In the late 1800s after the Meiji Restoration, 榊原鍵吉/Sakakibara Kenkichi held some public 撃剣 events and the popularity of Kendo increased.

In 1876, the use of swords was banned by the government to avoid riots and crimes. However, policemen were allowed to use them (They were called 抜刀隊/Battoutai, sword-wielding policemen), and the sword training for them was standardized, which led to the development of Kendo. The name for the sword training, 撃剣, was changed to 剣道 in 1920 to mean the sporting form of it.

In 1946 after WW2, Kendo along with other martial arts were banned in Japan in by GHQ to suppress the power of Japanese. But in 1950, it was allowed to be practiced again. Two years later, Japan’s independence was restored and The All Japan Kendo Federation was founded. The ban on martial arts was lifted and now we practice them as an educational sport.

During the same year, The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF) was established in Kyoto in the aim of promoting the development of martial arts worldwide. Today, many organisations all over the world including the International Kendo Federation (FIK) are working to popularizing Kendo.

Rules of Duels

Just like in fencing, there are scorable points called 有効牙突/Yuko-gatotsu that are defined as an accurate thrust or strike with 竹刀. Below are the areas where competitors can get points by hitting correctly.

・面/Men:The top or sides of the head
・胴/Dou:The right or left side of the torso
・突き/Tsuki:In front of the throat

After striking, 残心/Zanshin (continuation of the awareness) must be shown. Back then Samurais had to be prepared for the possibility of sudden attack by the next enemy. Kendo follow that tradition of focusing minds during the duels.

There are usually three referees who raise flags to judge if a strike was accurate or not. A competition is a three-point matche and the first to score two wins.

Grades

There are 級/Kyu and 段/Dan grading systems in Kendo. 級 is below 段 and there are six grades from 六級/Rokkyu to 一級/Ikkyu. Above 一級, there are ten 段 levels from 初段/Shodan (first-dan) to 十段/Ju-dan (10th level). 八段/Hachi-dan (8th-dan) is the highest dan grade that one can attain by taking a test of physical Kendo skills now and the exam is extremely difficult. Less than 1 percent of the test-takers pass it.
(9th and 10th dans were given only to significantly important 剣道家)

Titles

Titles, or three kinds of 称号/Shogo below can be achieved by passing the screening of the Kendo organization, receiving a recommendation from the president of regional organisation, and passing an exam on the theory of Kendo.

・練士/Renshi: For 6-dan. One must wait more than a year to be qualified for this title. 
・教士/Kyoshi: For 7-dan with Renshi title. One must wait more than 2 years to be qualified for this title. 
・範士/Hanshi: For 8-dan with Kyoshi title. One must wait more than 8 years to be qualified for this title.

Due to the coronavirus, all matches are canceled this year but you can check the information about competition on the All Japan Kendo Federation website here: https://www.kendo.or.jp/en/competition/

Today’s words and phrases 今日の単語/フレーズ

・Swordsmanship：剣道、剣術
・Martial arts：武道
・Grade：階級、学年、〜に評点をつける
・Title：称号、資格
・be qualified for：〜にふさわしい、適任である
・be based on : 〜に基づいて

Thank you for reading today’s post! 
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

What is Sumo? : All you need to know

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Sumo, written as 相撲 (meaning “Striking on another”) in Japanese, is a traditional wrestling and is the Japan’s national sport.
Japan is the only country that has professional tournaments and it has been one of the most popular sports here for a long time.
Let’s learn the history and the rules about it and enjoy the unique culture of Japan!

History

It is believed that Sumo originated as a way to wish for a good harvest by entertaining the Shinto deities. The first mention of sumo can be found in a manuscript from 712. According to the folktale written in it, there was a match between two Shinto deities (or 神/Kami in Japanese) called Takemikazuchi (the ruler of the common people) and Takeminakata (the god of wind, water, and agriculture) to find which was stronger and suitable for ruling lands. At the end, Takemikazuchi won the mach and claimed Takeminakata’s land for his Kami. 

Then, it became a culture to show strength in front of them as a sign of respect and in hope of bringing a good harvest.
First as an ritual dance, then as a combat between two men.

Until the Japanese Middle Ages (1185-1603), there weren’t much regulations and the wrestling matches were rough. Wrestlers often fought to the death of one of the fighters like gladiators.
Sumo became so popular especially within the Imperial court that it was regularly held and ceremonial and religious elements were added.

During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), many training Samurais joined Sumo wrestling to strengthen their combat abilities. By the Muromachi period (1336-1573), Sumo became a huge event for the masses as the 大名 (Daimyo, powerful Feudal lords) sponsored wrestlers. During this period, some rules regarding the match were established including the use of 土俵 (Dohyo. It is 4.55m in diameter and 16.26 m2 in area, and is made of clay and covered in a layer of sand ) as an elevated ring for the battle.

In the Edo period (1603-1867), Sumo fights were banned because they could lead to wild fightings on the streets. However in 1684, it was allowed to be held as a charity event at Shinto shrines. In the Meiji era (1868-1912), the Emperor Meiji organized a tournament and the length of tournaments was extended from 10 days to 15 days in 1949. 

Today, professional sumo holds six grand tournaments a year (3 in Tokyo during January, May and September, 1 each in Osaka in March, Nagoya in July and Fukuoka in November). Each tournament lasts 15 days, and currently only men do the sport professionally in Japan. 

Customs and Rules

Sumo developed from Shinto rituals, so it has the ritualistic characteristics. The wrestlers stomp their feet on the ring to ward off evil and throw salt onto the ring before a match to purify the ring. 

The rules are straightforward. 力士 (Rikishi/wrestler) tries to force his opponent out of a 土俵 or into touching the ground with any body part other than the soles of his feet. A match usually lasts only a few seconds, but in rare cases it continues for minutes. There are no weight restrictions in Sumo, so wrestlers train themselves and try to gain as much as they can. There’s a special kind food for their diet called ちゃんこ鍋 (Chanko-nabe), which is a protein-rich Japanese hot-pot designed to help them gain weight. Many ingredients such as fish, meat, shells, and vegetables are in a broth and it comes in a large portion.  

About Rankings

There is a ranking system called 番付(Banzuke), and all wrestlers are classified depending on their performances. The top two divisions are called 幕内(Makuuchi) and 十両(Juryo), and they are like major leagues. Wrestlers in these 2 divisions are called 関取(Sekitori), and they are considered as fully-qualified fighters. The best rank of 幕内 is 横綱(Yokozuna), and then 大関(Ozeki), 関脇(Sekiwake), 小結(Komusubi), and 前頭(Maegashira). 横綱 is never demoted but if he keeps on losing matches he has to retire and leave the position.

Where to enjoy Sumo

It is the best to attend a sumo tournament to fully enjoy the matches. Tickets are available during the 15-day tournaments. You can purchase tickets in advance online or at convenience stores or at the stadiums. 両国国技館(Ryougoku Kokugikan) in Tokyo is the most famous venue.

Right now, Sumo matches are held with less spectators to avoid the spread of coronavirus. It is really sad that we can’t enjoy it in an arena.
I do hope the current situation will be over soon…

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Blood type personality theory in Japan : What it says about you?

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Although there are still a lot of things unknown about the relationships between blood types and personalities, many people in Japan (and also in Korea and Taiwan) believe that checking the blood type helps understand a person’s character. It is not uncommon to be asked “What is your blood type?” in Japan, which might be a strange question for people from western countries. The study lacks evidence but it is an interesting theory and it’s a fun topic to talk about with an Asian friend.
Let’s learn a short history about it and find out what it says about you!

How did it start?

In 1927, Takeji Furukawa (he was a professor at Tokyo Women’s Teacher’s School) published his study about blood type, “The Study of Temperament Through Blood Type” in a scholarly journal. Though he only had ten to twenty people for the investigation and the study lacked credentials, it took off with the public in Japan and many believed it.

Later in 1970s, Masahiki Nomi, who graduated from the University of Tokyo, developed blood type personality theory and published a book called “Understanding Affinity by Blood type”. His study was heavily criticized by the Japanese psychological community because Masahiko only graduated from the engineering department and didn’t have any medical background and the book didn’t include enough scientific evidence.
However, the theory itself was very interesting and the book became a bestseller. Nowadays, discussion of blood types is a popular topic especially when women talk about relationships, and it often appeares in magazines.

Blood types and personalities

Blood type A (about 40% in Japan)

Positive  traits
Responsible
Perfectionist
Wise
Cautious 

Negative traits 
Over-earnest
Obsessive
Stubborn 
The least temperate

According to the theory, people with blood type A are generally friendly and dependable, but sensitive and somewhat reserved. They prefer staying alone than being in a group. They get along well with blood type O people but have difficulties making friends with blood type B.

Blood type B (about 30% in Japan)

Positive traits 
Creative
Active
Optimistic
Easy-going

Negative traits 
Irresponsible
Lazy
Unreliable
Impatient

People with blood type B are active and easy-going. They are social, independent, and like to go their own ways. But on the other hand, they could be irresponsible and selfish. They get along with people with AB blood, and the worst with A.

Blood type O (about 20% in Japan)

Positive traits 
Confident
Strong-willed
Competitive
Athletic

Negative traits 
Arrogant
Cold
Aggressive
Envious

This blood type is the most common in the world. About 40% of people (and about 90% in Latin America!) all over the world have this type.
People with O type are energetic and confident. They are natural leaders and good at caring others. However, they are afraid of being rejected. They sometimes have difficulties expressing feelings and can be sensitive inside. They go along well with Blood type B people but the worst with AB.

Blood type AB (about 10% in Japan)

Good traits
Talented
Rational
Intelligent
Adaptable

Negative traits
Critical
Indecisive
Aloof
Not trustable

Only about 10% of people in the world have this blood type, and they have mixed characteristics of A and B. They are eccentric and talented but can be either genius or psycho. They are adaptable and can go one place to the another easily. Some people see that they are moody and not trustable because of their unpredictability. 
They go well with AB and B ,but not with O.

Some claim that all this is no more than a superstition but it’s often a good topic and fun to talk about. To this day, there are many books on blood type and personality relationships in Japan.

My blood type is AB by the way. How about yours?
Did the study above show your personality?

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer.
You can listen/download my music below.