Hello! from Japan

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Taka

Diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Japan

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Hi! This time, I wrote about the relationship between Japan and Indonesia. Japan and Indonesia signed a peace treaty in 1958, and 2020 marks the 62nd anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. Since the end of the war, the two countries have strengthened their economic ties, and in recent years Japan has become Indonesia’s largest export partner, and tourism and cultural exchanges are actively taking place.

In Indonesia, population growth and economic growth are receiving a lot of attention in Asia. The population is 258.71 million (2017 estimate), which is the fourth largest in the world after China, India and the United States, and accounts for about 40% of the population of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Indonesia is composed of 13,000 islands with the area of ​​about 1.9 million square kilometers, which is about five times that of Japan. Most of the people believe in Islam (about 90% are Islam in Indonesia. It is the republic with the largest Muslim population in the world), but Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Protestantism and Confucianism are also officially recognized and people are guaranteed freedom of religion. Jakarta, the capital, has its ASEAN headquarters and has a global presence as the core of ASEAN.

In Indonesia, the average age is 29 years old and there are many young human resources. However Japan is a super-aging society, so a policy of accepting Indonesians who support nursing and long-term care workers is being promoted (By the way, in Japan, it is estimated that there will be a shortage of about 790,000 human resources by 2035 because of the aging society).

Japan has been promoting development assistance to Indonesia through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). In particular, with the aim of eliminating congestion in the metropolitan area of ​​Indonesia and solving infrastructure shortages, strengthening the functions of Tanjung Puriok Port, which is an important logistics base on Java Island, improving the Jakarta sewerage system, and Indonesia’s first urban high-speed railway system including subways ( Projects such as Mass Rapid Transit) are underway. In addition, Indonesia is a supplier of natural resources such as liquefied natural gas for Japan, and the amount of investment from Japan in 2016 was the second largest after Singapore.

Relationship history

According to history, the first Japanese immigrants settled in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) at the beginning of the 17th century, and since then more people have traveled between the two countries for trade. After the Meiji Restoration, the colonial records of the Dutch East Indies in 1898 recorded that 614 Japanese lived in Indonesia, and later facilities such as elementary schools for Japanese were established. In 1938, a total of 6349 Japanese lived in Indonesia.

When the Japanese army invaded Southeast Asia in 1942, Japan defeated the Dutch army and promoted the appointment of Indonesian nationalist leaders, and Japan supported Indonesia and recruited Indonesians for the Japanese war. During the occupation of Japan, Japan provided military training and weapons to Indonesian youth, including the Voluntary Army (PETA), and in 1945 after Japan’s defeat, Soekarno, Hatta and Indonesian youth fought to declare independence.

Thirteen years later, in 1958, Japan and Indonesia signed a peace treaty and established diplomatic relations. In the 1970s, many Japanese companies expanded into Indonesia as Japanese manufacturers, home appliances, electrical machinery, and the automobile industry began building factories in Indonesia.

However, in Indonesia, the opposition movement was booming due to the rapid control of Indonesia by Japanese companies, and a large-scale anti-Japanese riot (Malari incident) took place on January 15, 1974, while Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was visiting Jakarta.

This incident was caused by a lack of mutual understanding of culture, and since then, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and others have become active in cultural exchanges to learn Japanese and Indonesian culture from each other (known as Fukuda Doctrine). After that, it led to better impressions toward Japan in Indonesia, and the importance of the cultural exchange project became clear.

Following this trend, Indonesia and Japan have built a strong relationship up to the present day.

Recent tourism, emigration, and cultural exchange

In recent years, many Indonesians are interested in Japanese culture, and according to the Japan Foundation, there were 2,842 Japanese language education institutions in Indonesia in 2018, and the number of learners was more than 700,000, which was the second largest after China. In 2008, the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and Indonesia, the Jakarta Japan Festival (JJM) was held as a commemorative project, and it has become an annual event since then.

Regarding tourism, Indonesians have been able to come to Japan without a visa since 2014, and the number of Indonesian tourists visiting Japan has increased dramatically. According to the statistics of the Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO), the annual number of visitors to Japan reached about 270,000 in 2016, which was the largest increase rate of 32.1% from the previous year among the 20 major countries.

The number of Indonesians migrating to Japan is increasing. According to Ministry of Justice statistics, Indonesians were the ninth largest number of foreigners living in Japan at the end of 2018 with the number of 56,346. The area with the largest number of residents is Ibaraki prefecture with 12.93 people per 10,000 population, followed by Gunma prefecture with 9.50 people. Many people live around industrial areas, but in recent years, more and more people are active in various places such as nursing and medical care. About the status of residence, technical intern trainees accounted for 44.58%, permanent residents 15.69%, and international students 12.80%.

Indonesia is very popular as a tourist destination. Bali is especially popular with Japanese people. Many tourists visit Borobudur Temple, which is registered as a World Heritage Site, Java Island, which is famous for Prambanan Temple, and Sulawesi Island, which is popular with divers all over the world.

The number of Japanese living in Indonesia is increasing year by year, and according to the Embassy of Japan in Indonesia, the number of Japanese residents in Indonesia in 2017 was 19,717, an increase of 405 from 2016.

Indonesia and Japan will continue to develop while strengthening economic and human resources relationships. I hope we will keep deepening good relationships without forgetting the importance of mutual cultural understanding!

インドネシアと日本の国交関係：異文化理解の大切さ

こんにちは。今回は日本とインドネシアの関係に関してまとめました。
日本とインドネシアは1958年に平和条約に署名し、国交が樹立されてから2020年で62周年を迎えています。戦後より両国は経済的な繋がりを強め、近年では日本はインドネシアの最大輸出相手であり、観光や文化交流なども盛んに行われています。

インドネシアは、人口増加と経済成長はアジアでも大きく注目されています。人口は中国、インド、米国に次ぐ世界4位の2億5871万人（2017年推計値）で、東南アジア諸国連合（ASEAN）人口の約4割を占めます。インドネシアは1万3000の島々で構成され、面積は約190万平方キロメートルで日本の約5倍です。国民のほとんどがイスラム教を信仰していますが（約90％がイスラム教徒です。ちなみに世界最多のイスラム教徒人口を擁する共和国）、その他にも仏教、ヒンズー教、カトリック、プロテスタント、儒教が公認されており、国民には信仰の自由が保障されています。首都ジャカルタにはASEAN本部があり、ASEANの中核として世界に存在感を示しています。

また、インドネシアは平均年齢29歳で若い人材が多く、超高齢化社会である日本では看護や介護職を支えるインドネシア人の受け入れ政策が進められています（ちなみに日本では高齢化に伴い、日本の介護人材が2035年には約79万人不足すると予測されています）。

日本は国際協力機構（JICA）を通じ、インドネシアへの開発援助を進めて来ました。特にインドネシアの首都圏における渋滞解消や、インフラ不足の解消対策を目的とし、ジャワ島の重要物流拠点であるタンジュンプリオク港の機能強化、ジャカルタ下水道整備や、インドネシア初の地下鉄を含む都市高速鉄道システム（Mass Rapid Transit）などのプロジェクトが行われています。また、インドネシアは日本にとって液化天然ガスなどの天然資源の供給国であり、2016年の日本からの投資額はシンガポールに次いで第2位となっています。

関係史
歴史に残っているところによると、17世紀初頭に当時のオランダ領東インド（現在のインドネシア）に初めての日本人の移住者が住み着き、以後貿易などで2国間を往来する人々が増えたそうです。明治維新後、1898年のオランダ領東インドの植民地の記録には、インドネシアに614人の日本人が住んでいたという記録があり、後に日本人の為の小学校などの施設が立てられ、1938年には合計で6349人の日本人がインドネシアに住んでいたそうです。

1942年に日本軍は東南アジアに侵攻した際、日本はオランダ軍を破り、インドネシア人の国家主義的な指導者の登用を進め、日本はインドネシアへの支援とインドネシア人の日本の戦争への徴用を計りました。日本は占領中に日本は自主的に集まって結成された義勇軍（PETA）を含め、インドネシアの若者に軍事的訓練と武器を与え、日本の敗戦後の1945年にスカルノ、ハッタとインドネシアの若者によってインドネシアは独立を宣言しました。

13年後の1958年に、日本とインドネシアは平和条約を締結し国交を樹立しました。1970年代には日本の製造業者や家電、電機、自動車業界がインドネシアに工場の建設を開始した事により、多くの日本企業がインドネシアに進出しました。

しかし、インドネシア国内では急速に日本企業がインドネシアを支配したことによる反対運動の盛り上がり、田中角栄首相がジャカルタを訪問していた最中の1974年1月15日に大規模な反日暴動（マラリ事件）が発生しました。

この事件はお互いの文化理解が欠如していたことが原因であり、以後、外務省などは日本文化とインドネシア文化を相互に学ぶ文化交流に積極的になりました（福田ドクトリンとして知られています）。その後はインドネシアの良好な対日感情にも繋がることとなり、文化交流事業の大切さが浮き彫りになりました。

この流れを汲んで、インドネシアと日本は現代に至るまで強固な関係を築き上げて来ています。

近年の観光・移住・文化交流
近年では日本文化に興味を持っているインドネシア人も多く、国際交流基金によると2018年ではインドネシアに日本語の教育機関は2,842あり、学習者数も約70万人以上と中国に次ぐ多さとなっています。日インドネシア国交樹立50周年にあたる2008年には記念事業としてジャカルタ日本祭り（JJM）が開催され、以後毎年恒例のイベントとなっています。

観光に関しては、2014年よりインドネシア人はビザなしで来日できるようになり、日本を訪れるインドネシア観光客が急増しました。日本政府観光局（JNTO）統計によると、2016年には年間来日者数が約27万人にも上り、主要20カ国・地域のうち前年比32.1％増と、最も大きい増加率を記録しました。

日本に移住するインドネシア人も増えています。法務省の統計によると、インドネシア人は2018年度末で在日外国人の中で9番目に多い56,346人でした。在住者数が最も多い地域は茨城県で人口1万人あたり12.93人、2位は群馬県で9.50人でした。工業地帯周辺に住む人が多いですが、近年は看護、医療関係など様々な場所で活躍する人が増えて来ています。在留資格別では技能実習生が44.58%で、永住者・定住者が15.69%、留学生が12.80%となっています。

日本人にとって、インドネシアはバリ島を中心に観光地として非常に人気です。世界遺産に登録されているボロブドゥール遺跡やプランバナン遺跡で有名なジャワ島、世界中のダイバー達に人気のスラウェシ島などに毎年多くの観光客が訪れています。

インドネシアに住んでいる日本人も年々増加傾向にあり、在インドネシア日本国大使館によると、2017年のインドネシア国内分の在留邦人数調査集計では 2016年から405 人の増加の19,717人でした。

これからもインドネシアと日本は経済や人材の関係を強めながら発展していくでしょう。
相互の文化理解の大切さを忘れずに良い関係を深めて行きたいですね！

参考：
外務省https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/pr/wakaru/topics/vol171/index.html

日経ビジネス
https://special.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/NBO/18/project2045/

在インドネシア日本国大使館　
https://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/visaj_09.html

Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

Cooperation between Singapore and Japan

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Singapore, a Southeast Asian country located in the south of Malaysia, is known as a country that is actively attracting foreign companies. Famous hotels and various tourist attractions are also popular among tourists. 
54 years have passed since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and Singapore in 2020, and it can be said that the relationship between the two countries has been great, centered on economic ties. Let’s learn the history of relationships.

History

The first Japanese to live in Singapore was Otokichi Yamamoto, who was a drifter and happend to move there in 1862 (He’s from Aichi prefecture. After reaching what is now Singapore, he moved to England and Shanghai. He could not return to Japan because of the isolation policy). Later on, many Japanese moved to Singapore in the 1870s after the Meiji Restoration. 

With the start of World War I, exports from Europe to Southeast Asia ceased, and Singapore strengthened its trade relations with Japan as an alternative source of supplies. During the Pacific War that followed, Singapore was a British colony, but Japanese troops occupied Singapore in 1942 and renamed it “Shonan Island” to control the site.

In 1947, after Japan’s defeat, all Japanese, including the military and ordinary people who lived in Singapore, returned to Japan and the relationship between Singapore and Japan was temporarily restricted. Immigration restrictions were relaxed in the late 1950s, and trade relations were strengthened again.

At the summit meeting in May 1993, Japan and Singapore agreed to jointly implement technical cooperation for developing countries, and the Japan-Singapore Partnership Program / JSPP was launched. (In 1997, the expenses were split between the two countries, and the relationship between the two countries was positioned as an equal partnership, and the program name was changed to “JSPP21”)

After that, a tax treaty was enacted between Singapore and Japan in 1995, and double taxation and tax evasion prevention policies were implemented between the two countries. In 2002, Japan signed the “Japan-Singapore New Era Economic Partnership Agreement,” the first economic partnership agreement for Japan. Nowadays, VIPs representing the country are actively coming and going. In 2018, Singapore was Japan’s seventh largest country for export, accounting for 3.2% of the total.

Japanese police box (Ko-ban) system in Singapore

After improving productivity by adopting Japanese-style human resource development methods during the period of economic growth, Singapore has also introduced a Japanese police box system. In Japanese police boxes, police not only crack down on crimes, but also build friendly relationships with citizens, which has led to the suppression of crimes. Learning that, Singapore promoted the system within the country. In order to create a safe and secure society, it is important to establish a contact network in case of an emergency and to grasp the local situation.

Tourism and emigration

Regarding tourism between the two countries, the number of Singaporeans visiting Japan in 2019 was 492,252, an increase of about 2.2 times compared to 2014. Many people from Singapore come to Japan during December to enjoy winter and snow in Japan, and many come to sightseeing for winter sports such as skiing. In 2019, the amount of consumption by tourists from Singapore was 85.5 billion yen, a record high. In addition, more than 70% were repeaters, and Japan was the 8th most popular overseas travel destination for Singaporeans. 

In 2018, about 830,000 Japanese tourists visited Singapore. Many tourists seek famous tourist destinations such as beaches, hotels and safaris, as well as ethnic cuisine. Among the foreigners visiting Singapore that year, Japan ranked 6th, and the number of Japanese visiting Singapore increased by 4.6% from the previous year.

The number of Singaporeans living in Japan was as small as 2,974 in 2018 (according to the statistics of foreign residents of the Ministry of Justice of Japan), but on the contrary, the number of Japanese living in Singapore was 36,423 as of 2017. Singapore’s high GDP growth and low tax rates have made it popular with business owners, and many Japanese companies and entrepreneurs have emigrated to Singapore.

Cultural exchange

In addition to economic ties between Singapore and Japan, exchanges through Japanese language, music, sports business, and animation are active. The Embassy of Japan in Singapore also holds the Japanese Film Festival every year, and many local exchange events are held. In 2009, the Japan Creative Center started operations in Singapore as a base for disseminating information on Japanese culture, and it is popular as a place where you can experience the current Japanese youth culture such as fashion and anime. In 2016, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Singapore and Japan, SJ50 Matsuri was held in Singapore, which gathered about 110,000 people.

In 2018, Southeast Asia’s largest anime festival “C3 Anime Festival Asia Singapore 2018 (C3AFAS G18)” was held. In addition to concerts singing anime music and cosplay events, popular anime voice actors from Japan visited the venue and many enjoyed the event.

Singapore and Japan have such various cultural connections. I hope we will continue to deepen our ties while supporting each other’s economic development.

シンガポールと日本の協力関係

マレーシアの南に位置する東南アジアの国、シンガポールは、世界的な金融センターや海外企業を積極的に誘致している国として知られています。有名ホテルや様々な観光スポットは旅行先としても人気です。日本とシンガポールは2020年に国交樹立から54年が経ち、両国の関係は経済の繋がりを中心に良好であると言えます。ここで今日までの関係の歴史を学んでおきましょう。

関係史　

初めてシンガポールに居住した日本人は1862年に漂流民として移住した山本音吉でした（ちなみに今の愛知県出身の彼は、イギリスや上海などにも移住しましたが、鎖国状態にあった日本に戻ることは出来ず、イギリス人に帰化した後に明治時代が始まる1年前にシンガポールで亡くなりました）明治維新後の1870年代には多くの日本人がシンガポールに移住しました。

第一次世界大戦が始まるとヨーロッパから東南アジアへ輸出がされなくなり、シンガポールは代わりの物資調達先として日本との貿易関係を強めました。その後の太平洋戦争中では、シンガポールはイギリスの植民地とされていましたが、日本軍が1942年にシンガポールを占領し、「昭南島」と改名して現地を支配していました。

日本の敗戦後の1947年には、シンガポールに在住していた軍や一般人など、すべての日本人は帰国し入国が一時規制されました。1950年代の後半になって入国規制が緩和され、再び貿易関係を強めることになります。


日本とシンガポールの正式な外交関係は、1965年日本政府がシンガポールを国家承認した翌年1966年に樹立しました。シンガポールは独立後、1970年代の前半に輸出産業や外国資本の誘致に力を入れました。1970年代後半には高度経済成長期にあった日本の工場生産やマネージメント方法などを取り入れ、人材育成と知識、技術革新を強化させました。日本企業の工場の東南アジア移転も盛んになり、この頃より日本とシンガポールは経済的な繋がりはさらに深くなりました。

1993年5月の首脳会談では、日本とシンガポール両国が共同で開発途上国に対する技術協力を実施していくことで合意し、日・シンガポール・パートナーシップ・プログラム/JSPPが発足されました。（1997年には経費を両国で折半し、両国の関係をイコール・パートナーシップとして位置づけることとし、プログラム名は「JSPP21」と改名されています）

その後、シンガポールと日本との間では1995年に租税協定が制定され、2国間での二重課税や脱税防止政策が行われました。2002年には日本にとって初となる経済連携協力、「日本・シンガポール新時代経済連携協定」を結び、国を代表する要人らの往来も活発に行われてきています。2018年ではシンガポールは日本にとって7番目に大きな輸出国であり、全体の3.2%を占めました。

日本の交番システムを導入

シンガポールは経済成長期に日本式の人材育成方法を取り入れて生産性を向上させた後、意外なところでは日本の交番システムも導入しています。日本の交番では警察が単に犯罪を取り締まるだけでなく、市民との友好的な関係を築いている事が犯罪の抑制にも繋がっており、シンガポールでも導入が進められました。安心、安全な社会を作る為に、普段から緊急時の連絡網の整備や地域の状況を把握する上で、地域住民とのコミュニケーションが重要視されることはとても良いですね。

観光、移住に関して

両国間の観光に関しては、日本を訪れたシンガポール人は2019年では492,252人で、2014年と比べると2.2倍ほどに増えてきています。日本の冬や雪を楽しみに12月の時期に来日する方が多く、スキーなどのウィンタースポーツを目当てに観光に来る方も多いです。2019年ではシンガポールからの観光客による消費額は855億円であり、過去最高額を記録しています。また、7割以上がリピーターで、日本はシンガポール人に人気な海外旅行先の第8位でした。シンガポールを訪れる日本人も多くおり、2018年では約83万人の日本の観光客が訪れました。ビーチやホテル、サファリなどの有名な観光地やエスニック料理を求めて観光する方が多いです。この年ではシンガポールを来訪した外国人の内、日本は6位となり、シンガポールを訪れる日本人は前年度比4.6％の増加となりました。

日本に住むシンガポール人は2018年で2,974人（日本の法務省の在留外国人統計）と少数でしたが、逆にシンガポールに住んでいる日本人は2017年時点で36,423人でした。シンガポールの高いGDP成長率や低い税率が経営者に人気となっており、多くの日本企業や起業家がシンガポールに移住しています。

文化交流

シンガポールと日本は経済的な繋がりの他、日本語や音楽、スポーツ事業、アニメを通した交流が盛んです。在シンガポール日本国大使館でも毎年日本映画祭が開催され、地域の交流行事も多く行われています。2009年には日本文化情報の発信拠点としてジャパン・クリエイティブ・センターがシンガポールで運営を開始し、ファッションやアニメなど、今の日本の若者文化を体験できる場所として人気です。2016年にはシンガポールと日本の国交樹立50周年を記念して、約11万人を動員したSJ50Matsuriをシンガポールで開催しました。

2018年には東南アジア最大のアニメフェスティバル「C3 Anime Festival Asia Singapore 2018 (C3AFASG18)」が開催されました。アニメの音楽を歌うコンサートや、コスプレイベントの他、日本からは人気のアニメ声優が来場し大いに盛り上がりました。

このように様々な文化的繋がりがあるシンガポールと日本。これからもお互いの経済発展を支え合いながら絆を深めていくことでしょう。

参考：
外務省
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/singapore/kankei.html

JICA https://www.jica.go.jp/publication/pamph/region/singapore_diplomacy.html

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

＊英語ができると世界が広がる！＊
今日から使える英会話アプリはこちらがおすすめ↓↓
スタディサプリENGLISH（新日常英会話コース）

Taiwan-Japan relations : History, recent changes, and future development

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History: Formal diplomatic relations are still cut off

Japan and Taiwan have had a trade relationship since around 1624, when Taiwan was a Dutch colony, but at that time there was no unified government in Taiwan, so no formal negotiations were held. Many European countries during the Age of Discovery visited Taiwan, and it is said that guns and Christianity were introduced to Japan via Taiwan.

In 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed at the peace conference after the Sino-Japanese War, and Japan started ruling Taiwan. For the next 50 years until Japan’s declaration of defeat in 1945, Japan eradicated opium addicts in Taiwan, disseminated school education, reformed land, fostered industry, etc, while cracking down on opposition forces and colonizing the country. This way, Japan established a system of control over Taiwan. Despite Japan’s rule, many pro-Japanese factions in Taiwan today are due to the progress of modernization led by these Japanese interventions during this period.

After the war, Japan began negotiations on a bilateral peace treaty with the Government of the Republic of China, which effectively controls only Taiwan, on September 8, 1951, with the mediation of the United States. With the signing of the Peace Treaty on April 28, 1952, diplomatic relations between Japan and Taiwan (Republic of China) were restored. During this time, diplomatic relations with the area where we call China now (People’s Republic of China) remained cut off.

After that, in 1972, Japan proceeded to restore diplomatic relations with China (People’s Republic of China), knowing the fact that China (People’s Republic of China) and the United States began to move toward restoration of diplomatic relations. At that time, the United Nations’ representation in China had been replaced by the People’s Republic of China, forcing diplomatic relations with Taiwan to break. In addition, the People’s Republic of China has demanded that the Republic of China not be nationally recognized, and only 15 countries today officially recognize the Republic of China as a state. Therefore, even now, there are no formal diplomatic relations between Taiwan and Japan.

However, the relationship between Japan and Taiwan has been deep, and the number of people coming and going for tourism and moving between the two is increasing. In August 2005, it became possible to travel between Japan and Taiwan without a visa, and in September 2007, mutual approval of driver’s licenses was realized. In March of the following year, the Japan-Taiwan airline route was improved, and since the revision of the Immigration Control Act in July 2009, Taiwanese nationals will be clearly marked as “Taiwan” on the residence card in Japan.

Connection by tourism

The number of people visiting Japan from Taiwan is increasing year by year. The top rankings of foreign visitors to Japan in 2019 were China, South Korea, and Taiwan, with 9.59 million, 5.58 million, and 4.89 million, respectively. Since Taiwan has a population of 23.57 million, it means that about 20% of people visited Japan from Taiwan that year. In addition, there were many repeaters of Japan travel, and 85.6% of the visitors to Japan in 2019 were returnees. 19.4% of Taiwanese have visited Japan more than 10 times, and the number of couples and families visiting Japan is increasing. Japan seems to be popular because it is a nearby country with cleanliness, security and many tourist spots. In addition, the amount of consumption for sightseeing in 2019 was also large. According to the results of a survey on the consumption trends of foreign visitors to Japan released by the Japan Tourism Agency, tourists from Taiwan accounted for 11.5% of the consumption of foreign visitors to Japan.

In addition, the number of tourists visiting Taiwan from Japan was 2.17 million in 2019 (Taiwan Tourism Bureau), an increase of 5% from the previous year. Taiwanese sweets and cityscapes are popular in Japan, and many Japanese have a friendly relationship with Taiwanese people.

Japan and Taiwan as destination of International Migrants

As of 2019, there were 64,773 Taiwanese (top 8) staying in Japan for the medium to long term. Among them, 10,429 stayed on a student visa and 4,403 stayed on a working holiday visa. The most popular destinations for migration are metropolitan prefectures, with Tokyo, Osaka and Kanagawa being the most inhabited areas of Taiwanese. As a remnant of the assimilation policy of the Japanese colonial era, many people study Japanese in Taiwan, and 47 out of 159 universities in Taiwan (about 30%) have Japanese language departments. Many Taiwanise can speak Japanese and that is one reason behind the movement. Also, in recent years, Japanese animation, music, and products have become popular, and it seems that more and more people are choosing Japan as their destination for living abroad.

The number of Japanese living in Taiwan was 24,280 as of October 2018 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs “Statistics on the Number of Japanese Residents Overseas”). Taiwan is beautiful, food is inexpensive and delicious, and taxes and medical expenses are a lot cheaper than in Japan. It is a popular destination for Japanese to live abroad with peace of mind because it is close to Japan and has many cultural commonalities.

I often meet Taiwanese friends and travelers, both at work and personally, and even when I lived in Florida, I spent a lot of time with a good friend from Taiwan. The relationship between Japan and Taiwan is a little complicated, but we have been Asian partners who have supported each other for a long time, and I hope we will continue to strengthen our cooperation system.

台湾と日本の関係：歴史、最近の変化とこれからについて

関係史　今も国交は途絶えたまま
日本と台湾とは、台湾がオランダの植民地となっていた1624年頃から貿易関係がありましたが、当時は台湾に統一的な政府が存在していなかったため、正式な交渉などはされませんでした。この時期には大航海時代のヨーロッパの国々が多く台湾に訪れ、日本への鉄砲やキリスト教の伝来も台湾を経由してもたらされたと考えられています。

1895年には日清戦争後の講和会議で調印された下関条約により、日本による台湾の統治が始まりました。以後1945年の日本の敗戦宣言までの50年間、日本は台湾におけるアヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、土地の改革、産業の育成などを行う一方、反対勢力には厳しい取り締まりを行い植民地支配の体制を確立しました。日本が統治支配をしていたにもかかわらず、現在の台湾に親日派が多いのはこの時期に日本の介入により近代化が進んだことが影響しているそうです。

戦後、日本は1951年9月8日にアメリカの仲介により、台湾のみを実効支配する中華民国政府との二国間講和条約の交渉を開始しました。1952年4月28日に日華平和条約に調印したことにより、日本と台湾（中華民国）との国交が回復しました。この間、中国（中華人民共和国）との国交は途絶えたままでした。

その後1972年、日本は中国（中華人民共和国）とアメリカが国交回復に向けて動き出したことを機に、今度は中国（中華人民共和国）との国交回復を進めました。その際に、国連の中国代表権が中華人民共和国に替わっていたため、台湾との国交は断絶せざるを得ませんでした。また、中華人民共和国は中華民国を国家承認しないように要求しており、中華民国を正式に国家として承認している国は15ヶ国に留まります。そのため、現在でも台湾と日本とでは正式な国交関係がありません。

しかし、近年においても日本と台湾との関係は深く、観光や移住などでの人の往来も増えています。2005年8月には日本と台湾の間でビザなしでの行き来ができるようになり、2007年9月には運転免許証の相互承認も実現しました。翌年3月には日台航空路線が改善/整備され、2009年7月の入管法改正以降、日本での在留カード上の表記で台湾出身者は「台湾」と明示されることとなっています。

観光による繋がり
台湾から日本を訪れる人の数は年々増えてきています。2019年の訪日外国人ランキングの上位は中国、韓国、台湾の順で、それぞれ959万人、558万人、489万人でした。台湾の人口は2,357万人なので、1年間に約2割もの人が台湾から日本に訪れているということになります。また、日本旅行のリピーターも多く、2019年の来日者の内85.6％が再来者でした。10回以上日本を訪れている台湾人も19.4％おり、カップルや家族での来訪も増えてきています。日本は近くの国でゴミが少なく清潔で、治安が良く観光スポットも多いために人気のようです。また、2019年の来日時の観光による消費額も大きいです。観光庁が発表している訪日外国人消費動向の調査結果によると、訪日外国人による消費額の実に11.5%の消費額を台湾からの旅行者が占めていたそうです。

また、日本から台湾に観光に訪れる人の数は2019年で217万人（台湾交通部観光局） であり、前年比5%で伸びていたそうです。台湾のスイーツや街並みなどは日本でも人気で台湾の人と友好的な関係にある日本人も多いです。

移住先としての日本、台湾
2019年度時点で、日本に中長期に滞在している民間の台湾人は6万4773人（上位8位）でした。その内、留学ビザでの滞在が10,429人でワーキング・ホリデービザでの滞在が4,403人でした。移住先で人気なのは大都市県で、東京、大阪、神奈川がもっとも台湾人が住んでいる地域です。日本統治時代の同化政策の名残で、台湾では日本語を勉強している人が多く、台湾の大学159校中の47校（約30％）が日本語学科を設置しています。また、近年では日本のアニメ、音楽、や製品が人気で移住先として日本を選ぶ人も増えてきているようです。

台湾に住む日本人の数は2018年10月時点で24,280人（外務省「海外在留邦人数調査統計」）でした。台湾は綺麗で食べ物も安くて美味しいし、日本と比べると税金や医療費も安い。日本との距離も近く文化的に共通する点も多い為、安心して暮らせる移住先として人気です。

僕は仕事でも個人的にも台湾の友達や旅行客に会うことが多く、フロリダに住んでいた頃も台湾出身の人ととても仲良く過ごしました。日本と台湾との関係は少し複雑ですが、古くからお互いを支え合っているアジアのパートナーであり、今後も更に協力体制を強めて行くことでしょう。

参考：
外務省 https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/taiwan/data.html

Thank you for reading today’s post.
Until next time!
Taka

Strong Thailand-Japan relations：The past and the future

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It is said that the relationship between Thailand and Japan has a history of over 600 years. In recent years, cultural exchanges, diplomacy, and defense talks have been frequently held and the connections between the royal families of both countries are getting deeper. Not only the trade relations, but also the economic relations are becoming closer. Let’s learn the history of the relationship between Japan and Thailand, and the depth of the connection here.

History of relationships

The diplomacy between Thailand and Japan dates back to the time of the Shogun Yoshimitsu Ashikaga (1358 – 1408) in Japan, and there are records that Thailand ships stayed in Japan for a year. In Okinawa, there is a report that Naomasa Ryukyu (the king of the area at the time) opened a trade with Thailand in 1477. Awamori (local sake) in Okinawa is traditionally manufactured using Thai rice. According to one theory, it is said to be a remnant of the former trade with Thailand.

Later on, a Japanese town was formed in the capital Ayutthaya through trade with Thailand by the Shuin-sen ship (ship of Shogunal charter for foreign trade). Although it was not a formal diplomatic exchange, gifts and letters were sent between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Ayutthaya dynasty. In addition, Thailand imported silk, pottery, horses, etc, and deer skin, ivory, liquor, and materials used for manufacturing firearms, such as tin and lead, were exported to Japan.

When influential people such as the Tokugawa clan came to dominate in Japan, the number of the battles within the country significantly decreased, and many Ronin (samurai without a lord or master) also left Japan in search of a place to work, and some of them went to Thailand. In 1621, Nagamasa Yamada became the chief of the Japanese community, and 1,500 civilians and 800 mercenaries lived there. In this way, there were a lot of exchanges between Thailand and Japan, but the trade between the two declined due to the isolation policy by the Tokugawa Shogunate until the opening of the country in 1854.

In the 18th century, many Asian countries were colonized by the Western powers, and Japan ended the isolation policy and started the Meiji Restoration to construct a modern nation. Around the same time in Thailand, the Ayutthaya and Thonburi dynasties became the Rattanakosin dynasty, and under King Rama V, the nation was modernized. During this period, Japan and Thailand began formal diplomatic relations.

With the signing of Treaty of Amity and Commerce on September 26, 1887, diplomacy between Japan and Thailand began in earnest (2020 is the 133rd anniversary. The diplomatic relations with Thailand was the first treaty signed by the Japanese government in the Meiji era in Southeast Asian countries).

In the midst of powers between Britain and France, Thailand signed an unequal treaty with Japan and the United States, and by maintaining a neutral position on either side, it avoided becoming a colony of another country. In World War II/The Asia Pacific War, Thailand formed an alliance with Japan and declared war on the United States and Britain. However, at the end of the war, Thailand explained to the United States and Britain that “The declaration of war was forced by Japan and is invalid” . This was accepted and thus Thailand did not become a defeated country. Postwar diplomacy with Japan was restored by the Peace Treaty with Japan, which came into effect on April 28, 1952.

Deepening international relations

In recent years, Japan and Thailand have deepened their relationship as economic partners. Thailand has been exporting a lot of machinery/vehicle parts and steel to Japan, and mainly importing electrical equipment from Japan. The Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement was signed in 2007, and this has strengthened not only trade in goods, but also services, investment and ties between governments.

People from both countries are actively visiting Thailand and Japan. Many Japanese companies have expanded into Thailand since the 1980s. According to a survey by the JETRO Bangkok office, there were 5,444 Japanese companies in Thailand as of May 2017, and according to a survey by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there were 75,647 Japanese living in Thailand as of October 2018.

As of the end of 2019, 54,809 Thais were staying in Japan (according to a survey by the Ministry of Justice of Japan). Most of them live mainly in the city areas such as Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. In the 1980s, many Thais came to Japan to work, but nowadays, tourism is the main reason for coming to Japan. In 2019, 1,319,000 people visited Japan for sightseeing from Thailand, and the consumption of tourists increased by more than 30 billion in one year compared to 2018.

Nittaiji Temple

In Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, there is Nittaiji Temple (meaning a temple of Japan and the Kingdom of Thailand), the only super-denominational temple in Japan that does not belong to any denomination. Nittaiji Temple was built in 1904 to enshrine Shinshari (the remains of Buddha) sent from the Kingdom of Thailand in 1900. There is also a statue of King Rama V who donated Shinshari to Japan. It is a custom that the Thai ambassadors in Japan to worship on his/her birthday. Exchanges between Thailand and Japan through Buddhism have been carried out for a long time.

About Nittaiji : http://www.nittaiji.jp/kakuouzan/index_en.html

Currently, travelling between countries is restricted because of the coronavirus, but it is hoped by many that Thailand and Japan will continue to deepen their economic relations. I’m sure there will be a lot more exchanges in the tourism and service industries in the future. We hope to build even better relationships while respecting each other’s cultures!

タイと日本の関係：過去と未来について

タイと日本は、600年にわたる長い交流の歴史があるといわれています。近年では両国の王室・皇室間の親密な交流を通して、文化交流、外交、防衛協議が頻繁に行われています。また、貿易関係なども深まっており、経済関係がより密接になってきています。日本とタイの関係の歴史と繋がりの深さをここで学んでおきましょう。

関係の歴史

タイと日本の外交は足利義満の時代にまでさかのぼり、当時タイの船が日本に1年間滞在したという記録が残されています。また、沖縄では1477年に琉球王尚真がタイと交易を開いた記録が残っています。沖縄の泡盛はタイ米を使って製造されていますが、一説によるとこれはかつてのタイとの交易の名残だとも言われています。

その後は、御朱印船による対タイ交易を通じ、首都アユタヤに日本人町が形成されました。また、正式な国交ではありませんが、徳川幕府とアユタヤ朝の間でも献上品や書簡の交換が行われていた記録が残されています。当時、日本からは絹や陶器、馬などが輸出され、タイからは鹿の皮、象牙、酒や、火器などの製造に使う錫、鉛などが輸入されました。

日本国内で徳川家などの有力者が支配するようになると合戦が起こらなくなり、多くの浪人もタイを含む海外へ活躍の場を求めて出国しました。1621年の最盛期には山田長政が首領に就任し、1,500人の民間人と800人の傭兵が居住していたそうです。このように、タイと日本とは多くの交流がありましたが、徳川幕府による鎖国令にり1854年の開国まで国交は衰退しました。

開国後の18世紀では欧米列強によりアジアの国々が植民地化される中、日本は明治維新により近代国家建設を開始しました。同時期にタイではアユタヤ朝、トンブリー朝を経てラッタナコーシン朝となり、ラーマ5世の下で独立を維持しつつ、国家の近代化を図りました。この時期に日本とタイは正式な国交を始めました。

1887年（明治20年）9月26日に修好通商が調印されたことにより、日本とタイの外交が本格的に始まりました（2020年の今年で133周年です。タイとの外交関係は、明治の日本政府が東南アジア諸国で結んだ最初の条約でした）

タイはイギリスとフランスの権力争いに挟まれる中、日本やアメリカと不平等条約を結び、どちら側にも肩入れしない、中立の立場を保つことにより他国の植民地となることを避けました。また、第２次世界大戦・アジア太平洋戦争では、タイは日本と同盟を結び、米英に宣戦しました。しかし終戦時に「あの宣戦は日本に強要されたもので無効である」と米英に説明し、これが受け入れられて敗戦国になりませんでした。戦後の日本との外交は1952年4月28日に発効した日本国との平和条約によって回復しました。

深まる国際関係

近年、日本とタイは経済的なパートナーとしての関係がさらに深まっています。タイは機械/車両の部品や鉄鋼などを多く日本に輸出しており、日本からは電気機器などを主に輸入しています。また、日本とタイの間では、2007年に日タイ経済連携協定が締結されています。これにより物の貿易だけでなく、サービス、投資や政府間の繋がりも強化されてきました。

両国間の人の往来も活発で、1980年代以降に多くの日本企業がタイへの進出を行ってきました。ジェトロバンコク事務所の調査によると、2017年5月時点ではタイの日系企業は5,444社に上り、外務省の調査によると2018年10月時点でタイに住む日本人は75,647人だったそうです。

一方、日本に滞在しているタイ人は2019年末の時点で54,809人（日本国法務省調査）で、多くは首都圏を中心に生活しています。1980年代では出稼ぎに日本に来るタイ人が多くいましたが、現在は観光が主な来日の理由です。2019年には131万9000人の人が観光で日本を訪れ、旅行者の消費額は2018年と比べて、1年で300億以上も増加しています。

日泰寺：仏教を通じた交流

愛知県名古屋市にどの宗派にも属さない日本で唯一の超宗派の寺院、日泰寺（日本とタイ王国の寺院と言う意味）があります。日泰寺は1900年にタイ王国から送られた真舎利（釈迦の遺骨）を奉安するために1904年に創建されました。境内には真舎利を日本に寄贈したラーマ5世の像もあります。在日タイ大使は誕生日に参拝するのが習わしになっているそうです。このように仏教を通じたタイと日本の交流も長く行われてきました。

現在はコロナウィルスの影響により人の往来が制限されていますが、今後もタイと日本は経済的な関係を深めながら、観光やサービス産業でも多くの交流が行われることでしょう。お互いの文化を尊敬しながらさらに良い関係を築いて行くことを願っています。

参考
外務省 , Jetro

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time,
Taka

Beautiful Autumn in Japan! and the COVID-19 situation update

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Here’s a short movie of Autumn in Takayama City last week. 

Most of the leaves have already fallen now, but it was really beautiful to walk through the forest. Japan is a country where you can enjoy all 4 seasons throughout the year.That is one of the best things living here!

Takayama City, known as an international tourist destination, has seen a significant decrease in tourists since the coronavirus, and the land price at Okuhida Onsengo Hirayu in Takayama City dropped by 9.3%, the highest rate of decline in commercial areas nationwide. Sadly speaking, many hotels and guesthouses have been closed.

In Japan, the number of people infected with the coronavirus increased significantly to 1,998 per day in August, and policies were taken to refrain from going out unnecessarily and moving across prefectures. After that, the number of infected people continued to decline, and the government led the “Go To Campaign” to promote tourism and consumption. 

Many people visited local tourist spots and the economy was going back, but in November, the number of infected people per day continued to exceed 2,000. The campaign is likely to be closed soon and going out/travelling may be restricted again. If there is no movement of people or consumption activities, it will be difficult to boost the economy, but the spread of the virus will never end if people continue to travel nationwide…

For business purposes only, people from countries with strong economic ties such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore (and some more) are allowed to enter Japan if they prove uninfected by taking the PCR test. However, entering Japan for sightseeing purposes has been closed and there is no prospect of reopening.

There is no information on successful vaccine development in Japan, and people are being asked to wear masks and not to hold drinking parties with multiple people.

美しい日本の秋とコロナウィルスの現状

こちらは現在、私が移住している高山市の先週の様子です。
今はだいぶ葉も散ってしまいましたが、紅葉がとても綺麗でした。
美しい四季を楽しめるのは、日本で生活する醍醐味の一つですね！

普段は国際的な観光地として栄える高山市も、コロナウィルス以降観光客が大幅に減り、高山市の奥飛騨温泉郷平湯では地価が9.3%減少と、全国の商業地で最大の下落率を記録しました。それに伴い多くの宿泊施設が閉鎖してしまいました。

日本全体では、コロナウィルスの感染者数が8月で1日1,998人と大幅に増えていたことを受けて、不要不急の外出や各県をまたぐ移動の自粛政策が取られていました。その後は感染者数の減少傾向が続き、国内での観光や消費を促進する“Go To キャンペーン”が政府主導で開催されました。多くの人が地方の観光地を訪れて、経済的にも回復に向かっていましたが、11月に入り1日の感染者数が2,000人を超える日が続き再び外出を制限される可能性が出てきており、警戒を強めています。人の移動や消費活動が無いと経済的に困窮してしまいますが、人の移動により感染者が増えてしまうという板挟みの状況はもうしばらく続きそうです。

すでにベトナム、タイ、シンガポールなど経済的な繋がりが強い国からのビジネス目的での日本への入国は、PCR検査を受けて無症状が証明出来れば可能となっています。しかし、観光目的での入国は以前空路が閉じたままで、再開の目処はありません。又、日本国内で現在ワクチンの開発に成功した情報は無く、マスクを着用し、複数人での飲み会も行わないように呼びかけられています。　

I wonder when it ends… 

I will post Information on the matter from time to time on my blog. 
If you have any questions, feel free to contact me : 
[email protected] 

Stay safe and well! 
Taka

Vietnam-Japan ties : Extensive, strategic partnerships

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On September 2, 1945, when Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration, the declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was announced by Ho Chi Minh. Although Vietnam went through many tragedies such as the Vietnam War after the declaration, it has continued its economic growth and it is one of the leading countries in Asia now.

Diplomatic relations were established between Japan and Vietnam on September 21, 1973, and 2020 marks the 47th anniversary. Japan has supported Vietnam’s development in terms of economy and technology since 1992, and Japan is now the largest investor among the 101 countries investing in Vietnam. Since then, the exchanges in culture, economy, politics, education, technology, and tourism between the two countries have become active. As the relationship of mutual understanding and trust has deepened, the number of Vietnamese living in Japan is increasing year by year.

Vietnamese in Japan

The number of Vietnamese living in Japan began to increase significantly from around 2013. In 2018, it surpassed Filipinos and became the third largest group of foreign residents in Japan after China and South Korea (14% of all foreigners). According to the Immigration Bureau of Japan’s Ministry of Justice, the total number of Vietnamese living in Japan as of the end of 2019 was 410,1968, an increase of 24.5% (81,133) from the end of 2018, the highest ever.

Many choose to move to Japan mainly because of study abroad or work, but below are the main reasons behind this movement.

・ Vietnam has many young and skilled people: Average age is 31 years old as of 2018

・ The GDP growth rate of Vietnam was 7.1% year-on-year in 2018, and the market is just expanding (Japan’s GDP growth rate during the same period was 0.8% year-on-year).

・ Vietnam has many similarities to Japanese culture, such as the food culture centered on rice and the emphasis on hierarchical relationships influenced by Confucianism, so it is easy for Vietnamese to get used to Japanese style of living.

・ There are many opportunities to learn Japanese language and Japanese culture in Vietnam

Also, as the relationship between Vietnam and Japan deepens, the number of Japanese living in Vietnam is increasing. According to survey statistics released by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, it is reported that the number of Japanese living in Vietnam was 22,125 in October 2018, an increase of 28.1% from the previous year. Vietnam has the highest growth rate of Japanese residents in Asia.

Political and economic cooperation

Investment from other countries is one of the factors that support Vietnam’s economic growth. Japan is the country that invests the most in Vietnam in the world (cumulative total from 1992 to 2015 is about 2.6 trillion yen). Using such support, infrastructure such as Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Can Tho Bridge, and Hai Van Tunnel has been built. In addition, the Japanese government has supported Vietnam’s legislation and accession to the World Trade Organization in the 1990s, after the Doi Moi policy was made that led to Vietnam’s introduction of a market economy.

In recent years, investment by Japanese companies in Da Nang has been accelerating. Direct flights to Da Nang have been established, and the number of Japanese tourists has increased significantly. Many Japanese companies, mainly in the manufacturing industry, have also expanded into Vietnam (1,848 companies in July 2019), and various Japanese products are widely distributed in Vietnam. In particular, Japanese-made motorcycles such as Honda and Suzuki have gained strong support in Vietnam since the 1970s due to their ease of handling, fuel efficiency, and ease of repair. In Vietnam, Japanese-made home appliances are also popular, and the trust of local people in Japanese products and the evaluation of Japanese technology are very high.

With the expansion of Japanese companies and Japanese products and culture into Vietnam, many Japanese restaurants have also made. “Hem”, a downtown / Japanese town in Ho Chi Minh City, is now lined with over 100 different Japanese restaurants.

Going through these changes and cultural exchanges with Japan, Vietnam is now a pro-Japanese country, and Japanese culture, various Japanese products, anime / manga, and Japanese food culture are popular with many Vietnamese. Many Japanese people have good impressions on Vietnamese people because they are honest, have friendly personalities, and lead healthy lives. It is expected that the relationship will continue to become stronger.

ベトナムと日本の関係：広く、戦略的なパートナーシップ

ベトナムは日本がポツダム宣言により降伏文書に調印した1945年の9月2日に、ベトナム民主共和国初代国家主席ホー・チ・ミンによってベトナム民主共和国の独立宣言が発表され、その後はベトナム戦争などの悲劇を経て、今ではアジアを代表する国の一つとして経済成長を続けて来ました。

日本とベトナムは1973年9月21日に外交関係が樹立され、2020年で47周年を迎えています。日本は1992年からベトナムの発展を経済と技術の面で支援し、現在では日本はベトナムに投資している101カ国の中で最大の援助国となっています。両国の文化、経済、政治、教育、技術、観光などの交流も活発化され、相互の理解・信頼の関係が深くなってきており、日本に住むベトナム人の数も年々増えてきています。

日本に住むベトナム人

日本に住むベトナム人の数は2013年頃から大きく増え初め、2018年にはフィリピン人を抜いて中国、韓国に続いて3番目に多い在留外国人グループになりました（外国人全体の14%）。日本の法務省出入国在留管理庁によると、2019年末時点の日本に住むベトナム人の合計は41万1968人で、前年の2018年末時点と比べて 24.5％（8万1133人）増加し、過去最高を更新しました。

留学や仕事が主な理由で日本に移住する人が多いですが、近年日本に住むベトナム人が大きく増えている理由として以下の点があげられます。

・ベトナムには若くて優秀な人材が多い：平均年齢は2018年時点で31歳

・GDP成長率が2018年度で前年比7.1%と高く、市場が拡大している（ちなみに同時期の日本のGDP成長率は前年比0.8％と衰退している）

・米を中心とした食文化や儒教の影響を受けた上下関係の重視など、ベトナムは日本の文化に似ている点が多く、日本社会に来ても馴染みやすい　

・ベトナム国内で日本語教育や日本文化を学ぶ機会が多い

また、ベトナムと日本の関係が深まる中、ベトナム在住の日本人も増えて来ています。日本の外務省が発表した調査統計によると、ベトナム在留の日本人は2018年の10月で2万2,125人と、前年よりも28.1％増加したという報告がされています。在留日本人数の伸び率は、ベトナムがアジアにおいて最大でした。

日本とベトナム　政治、経済での協力

ベトナムの経済成長を支えている要因のひとつとして、諸外国からの投資がありますが、世界で一番ベトナムに投資している国は日本です（1992年から2015年までの累計は約2兆6000億円）。これにより、ベトナム国内ではタンソンニャット国際空港やカントー橋、ハイヴァントンネルなどのインフラが整備されました。また、日本政府はベトナムが市場経済の導入に至ったドイモイ政策の影響もあり、1990年代からベトナムの法整備や世界貿易機関への加盟も支援しました。

近年、日本企業のダナン市への投資も加速しており、日本・ダナンの航空直行便も整備され、日本人観光客も著しく増えています。多くの製造業を中心とした日系企業もベトナムに進出し（2019年7月で1,848社）、様々な日本製品がベトナム国内で幅広く流通しています。特にホンダやスズキなどの日本製バイクが、扱いやすさや燃費、修理のしやすさから1970年代以降のベトナムで強い支持を得ました。また、ベトナムでは日本製の家電製品も定番であり、日本製品に対する現地の人の信頼度や日本の技術に対する評価も非常に高いです。

日系企業や日本製品・文化のベトナム進出に伴い、日本食のレストランなどの飲食店も数多く進出しています。ホーチミン市内の繁華街/日本人街である「ヘム」では、現在では100店舗を超えるさまざまな日本料理店が立ち並んでいます。

このような背景があり、現在ではベトナムは親日国でもあり、日本の文化や様々な日本製品、アニメ/漫画や、日本の食文化などが多くのベトナム人に人気です。また、親しみやすい性格や健康的な食を好むベトナム人を友好的に見る日本人も多く、今後更に関係が深まることが期待されています。

参考：
外務省, JETRO

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time,
Taka

Diplomatic relations between The Philippines and Japan

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2020 marks the 64th anniversary of the diplomatic ties between Japan and the Philippines after the Japan-Philippines Compensation Agreement in 1956. Overcoming the tragic time of the world wars, the tie between the two countries is getting stronger. In 2011, a BBC poll reported that 84% of people in the Philippines saw Japan positively.

In 2008, the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement was signed, which promotes the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment between the two countries. Because there are many young and excellent labor forces in the Philippines (average age was 24 years old in 2019, whereas the average age of Japanese people was 46 years old), Japan is hiring many workers from the Philippines especially in the medical / nursing field these days.

Because there is a large gap between rich and poor in the Philippines, there is a culture of working overseas in the Philippines, which is also contributing to the increase in immigrants to Japan. Filipinos working overseas are called OFW (Overseas Filipino Workers), and the amount of money sent by OFW people to their home country accounts for 10% of the Philippines’ GDP. According to the “Employment Status of Foreigners” released by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan, 179,685 immigrants from the Philippines were there out of all foreign workers living in Japan in 2019, which was the third highest ratio after China and Vietnam.

About the economic relationship, Japan is the Philippines’ largest trading partner and the biggest investor. Japan’s share of the Philippines’ exports is about 20% (1st place), and imports also account for about 10% (3rd place).

In many ways, the Philippines is a country closely related to Japan.
Let’s learn the history and the current relationship between the two countries here.

History

The Philippines and Japan have been engaged in trade and other exchanges since the middle of the 16th century. Soon after starting the trade, the number of Japanese workers in the trade industry increased, and Japanese town was built in Manila. The number of Japanese residents, which was about 20 in 1570, increased to 1,500 in the 17th century and 3,000 in the peak period. However, after 1633, trade was suspended due to the isolation policy of the Edo period. In the 1910s, after the end of the policy in 1854, a large number of Japanese workers for farm management immigrated to Davao. In 1916, the Japanese population of the town exceeded 10,000, but the good relationship between the two countries changed for the worse with World War II.

During World War II, Japanese troops landed in Manila in December 1941 and occupied it in 1942. The economic turmoil under the Japanese military afflicted the people of the Philippines, and organizations that resisted the Japanese military led anti-Japanese guerrilla wars. In response, Japan made the Philippines independent in 1943 with Laurel as president in order to stabilize control. However, his administration did not take everything that Japan told it to, and he kept the landowners to govern their own districts. The Philippine pro-Japanese factions went against it,  and wars broke out. 1.1 million Filipinos were killed during the war time.

After World War II, as a part of postwar compensation, Japan supported infrastructure development such as transportation network development around Manila, and strengthened living and production bases against natural disasters, environmental problems, infectious diseases, etc. Currently, Japan is the largest ODA (Official Development Assistance) country for the Philippines, and in 2012, Japan’s assistance accounted for 60% of all the assistance to the Philippines.

Then in the early 20th century, when the construction boom such as road construction connecting Manila and Baguio occurred, many Japanese workers moved to the Philippines in search of jobs.

Tourism and cultural exchanges

The Philippines is famous in Japan as a tourist destination. It is warm throughout the year, with an average temperature of around 26 ° C, and there are many resort areas popular with Japanese people, including Cebu Island. The country is also known as a world-famous production area for bananas and pineapples, and more than 90% of the bananas and pineapples exported to Japan are from the Philippines.

In the Philippines, Japanese pop culture such as anime, video games, karaoke and manga, and Japanese food such as ramen are popular. In addition, since July 2013, Japan has started issuing “multiple entry visas” to Filipinos due to the substantial relaxation of visa regulations : Filipinos can visit Japan as many times as you like within the deadline. Furthermore, since 2014, new flights have been made in Haneda and Manila, Nagoya and Cebu, and Kansai and Cebu, and the number of visitors to Japan from the Philippines has skyrocketed.

For Japan, where the birth rate is declining and the population is aging rapidly, the acquisition of young labor forces from the Philippines has become one of the most important national policies, and it is expected that even smoother relationships will be built in the future. I hope that we will continue to deepen our work and economic ties respecting each other’s cultures, and growing together with stronger bonds.

日本とフィリピンの国交関係

日本とフィリピンは1956年の日比賠償協定締結から、今年2020年に国交正常化64周年を迎えます。日本とフィリピンは戦争という過去の悲劇を乗り越え、現在、フィリピンは世界的にも親日国として知られています。2011年にBBCの世論調査では、日本を肯定的に見る人が84%という報告がされました。

2008年には日比経済連携協定が結ばれており、それにより両国間で貿易や投資の自由化・円滑化等が促進されています。また、フィリピンには若く優秀な労働力が多く（平均年齢は2019年で24歳。ちなみに同時期の日本人の平均年齢は46歳）日本では特に医療・介護分野でフィリピンからの看護師や介護福祉士候補者を多く受け入れています。

フィリピン国内では貧富の差が多く、海外への出稼ぎが多い文化があることも日本への移住者増加の一因となっています。海外で働くフィリピン人のことをOFW（Overseas Filipino Workers）と呼びますが、OFWの人たちが本国へ送金する金額はフィリピンのGDP10%を占めています。厚生労働省が発表した「外国人雇用状況」によると、2019年の在日外国人労働者数の内、フィリピンからの移住者は17万9685人で、中国、ベトナムに次いで3番目に多い割合を占めました。

経済面に関しては、フィリピンにとって日本は最大の貿易相手国であり、また最大の投資国でもあります。フィリピンの輸出に占める日本のシェアは約2割（第1位）で、輸入に関しても約1割（第3位）を占めています。

このように、日本と密接な関係にある国フィリピン。
両国の関係の歴史をここで改めて学んでおきましょう。

関係の歴史

フィリピンと日本は16世紀の中期頃から交易を初めとする交流を行っています。貿易関係を仕事とする日本人が増えるに従い、首都のマニラには日本人町も作られました。1570年には20人ほどだった日本人居住者は、17世紀には1500人、最盛期には3000人にもなりましたが、1633年以降、江戸時代の鎖国政策により交易は一時途絶えます。1854年の開国後の1910年代には農園経営のための日本人労働者がダバオに大量に移民しました。1916年には町の日本人人口が1万人を超えましたが良好であった両国の関係は、第二次世界大戦を転機に変わっていきます。

第二次世界大戦中、1941年12月に日本軍がマニラに上陸し、翌1942年中に占領しました。日本軍政下の経済混乱がフィリピンの民衆を苦しめ、日本軍に抵抗する組織が、抗日ゲリラ戦争を行いました。これに対し、日本は支配を安定させるために1943年にラウ㆑ル氏を大統領として、フィリピンを独立させました。しかし、ラウ㆑ル政権は日本のいうことをすべて聞き入れたわけではなく、地主支配の維持を図ったため、フィリピン親日派からも離反が相次ぎ、戦争によって110万人のフィリピン人が犠牲となりました。

第２次世界大戦後、日本は戦後補償の意味合いも込め、マニラ首都圏周辺の交通網整備をはじめとするインフラ整備や、自然災害、環境問題、感染症などに対する生活・生産基盤の安定強化など，様々な支援供与を行ってきました。現在、日本はフィリピンにとって最大のODA（Official Development Assistance（政府開発援助）供与国であり、2012年では日本の援助がフィリピンに対する援助の6割を占めました。

その後、20世紀初頭にマニラとバギオとを結ぶ道路工事などの建設ブームが起こると、多くの日本人労働者が職を求めてフィリピンに移住しました。

観光と文化交流

フィリピンは観光地として日本で有名です。年間を通して暖かく、平均気温は26℃前後で、セブ島をはじめ、日本人に人気のリゾート地が多数あります。また、バナナやパイナップルの産地としても世界的に知られており、日本に輸出されるバナナやパイナップルの9割以上をフィリピン産が占めています。

一方、フィリピンではアニメ、ゲーム、カラオケや漫画などの日本のポップカルチャーやラーメンなどの日本食が人気です。また2013年7月からビザの大幅緩和に伴い、「数次ビザ」をフィリピン人に発給しています。これにより期限内であれば何度でも訪日できるようになりました。さらに2014年以降には羽田とマニラ、名古屋とセブ島、関空とセブ島となどの新規就航が開拓され、フィリピンからの訪日客が急上昇してきています。

少子高齢化が急速に進んでいる日本にとって、フィリピンの若い労働力の獲得は非常に重要な国策の一つとなってきており、今後更なる関係構築が行われることと思われます。これからも労働力や経済的な繋がりを深め、お互いの文化を尊重しつつ、より強い絆で共に成長していくことでしょう。

参考：
外務省
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/pr/wakaru/topics/vol142/index.html
nippon.com
https://www.nippon.com/ja/japan-data/h00676/

Thank you for reading today’s post!
Until next time,
Taka

Brazil and Japan : Far but very close relationship

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Brazil and Japan have been closely connected for a long time. In fact, this year marks 125 years of diplomatic relations. Many Japanese migrants moved to Brazil to engage in the coffee industry and Japan welcomed Brazilians mainly to grow the car manufacturing business.  Cultural exchange through sports like soccer is frequently held, and the relationship has been mutually beneficial.

In 2019, there were 211,677 Brazilians living in Japan, mainly in Kanto-Area (25%) and Tokai-Area (55%) especially in Aichi prefecture where there are many Brazilian towns around the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, there are not many of them living in big cities like Tokyo, Osaka, and other areas such as Hokkaido, Tohoku, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa.

Brazil has the biggest Japanese community outside of Japan. It is estimated that there are 3.2 million of them all together, and Brazil has 1.9 million. 

According to the World Service Poll done by BBC, 71% of Brazilians showed that they were positive about the influence of Japan while only 10% of them were negative about it. In the same research, 40% of Japanese stated that the influence of Brazil was favorable, and just 3% of them showed unfavorable.

For celebrating the coming 125 years of diplomatic relations, let’s learn the brief history upon the international relation between Brazil and Japan. 

History

Brazil is located on the other side of the earth from Japan. Although the distance between the two is very far, we have been respecting and helping each other for a long time. Over 100 years of Japanese community in Brazil is deeply involved in the spread of Japanese culture in Brazil.

The relationship started in 1895, when Brazil and Japan signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. Japan wanted to be one of the most leading countries in the world by growing its economy, and Brazil needed more workforces for producing coffee. In 1908, a ship called Kasato Maru brought the first Japanese migrants to Brazil and they worked in the coffee industry.

The international relation was once closed because of WW2, but after the war in 1954 during the celebration of the 400th anniversary of São Paulo, the relationship between the two started again. Brazil is open to immigration and to this day, over 250,000 Japanese have moved to Brazil.

Later on, Brazil and Japan worked on many international projects together such as agriculture and infrastructure improvement. Above all, in the project called Agricultural Development in the Cerrado Region of Brazil, Brazil and Japan successfully turned the long abandoned barren land named Cerrado into one of the biggest grain-growing districts, and the production of agriculture in Brazil was significantly increased.

In recent years, Japan joined the Science without Borders program, which the government of Brazil is working on, and many universities and research centers in Japan are welcoming Brazilian students. 

Expanding cultural exchanges

・Influence of Brazilian culture in Japan

Japan has 57 sister cities, and there are many Brazilian towns in Ooizumi-cho in Gunma prefecture and Hamamatsu-city in Shizuoka prefecture. We can see a lot of influence of Brazilian food culture in Japan : the number of Brazilian restaurants is increasing, and sugar, coffee, chicken, and corn from Brazil as well as fruits from the Amazon rainforest such as Acai are popular everywhere in Japan now. Furthermore, Samba Carnivals are held nationwide, especially popular in Asakusa.

In addition, Japan is receiving many benefits from Brazil in terms of energy resources : Brazil is exporting a lot of iron ore, bauxite, rare metal, ethanol, and oil to Japan.

・Influence of Japanese culture in Brazil

The Japanese influence in Brazil can be seen a lot in Brazil. Brazil hosts many cultural events like Japanese festivals where people can enjoy learning/experiencing Japanese cultures. Every year in July, the world’s biggest Japanese festival named Festival do Japão is held in São Paulo city. About 180,000 people gather within 3 days of the event. Japanese pop cultures like anime and manga are very popular, and radio gymnastic exercises, which were brought by Japanese immigrants, are well-known. June 18th is radio gymnastic exercises day in Sao Paulo and there’s even a monument there.

Brazil and Japan will continue to enhance the intercultural relationships as great partners to develop together. I hope the strong friendship with long history will last even longer respecting each other.

ブラジルと日本　遠いけど親密な関係

日本とブラジルの交流の歴史は古く、2020年の今年、日ブラジル外交関係樹立125周年を迎えます。多くの日本人がコーヒー産業などに従事する為にブラジルに移住し、日本は主に自動車製造業を活性化させるためにブラジル人を受け入れてきました。サッカーなどのスポーツや文化交流も盛んでお互いにとって良好な関係を築いてきました。

現在日本に滞在しているブラジル人は2019年末で211,677人。主な居住地域は関東地方（25％）や東海地方（55％）が多く、愛知県などの製造業が集まる地域のブラジリアンタウンに集住しています。一方で、東京や大阪などの大都市や北海道や東北、四国、九州、沖縄県にはあまり移住者がいません。

また、ブラジルには大きな日系社会（約190万人）があり、海外に居住している320万人以上の日系人がいる中で世界最大規模です。

2013年のBBCによる世界世論調査 (World Service Poll) によると、ブラジル人の71%が日本の影響に対して望ましいと示し、望ましくないと示したのは10%のみでした。同じ調査で日本人の40%がブラジルの影響力に対して望ましいと示し、望ましくないと示したのはわずか3%でした。

外交関係樹立125周年を迎えるにあたり、ここで改めて日本とブラジルの国際関係について学んでおきましょう。

関係の歴史

日本とブラジルは地球の反対側にあり、距離的には遠い国ですが、お互いを尊重し合ってきた協力の歴史があります。ブラジル社会に日本文化が浸透しているのは100年以上の日系社会の歴史と深くかかわっています。

日本とブラジルとの関係は、経済成長による世界の仲間入りを望む日本と、コーヒー生産の人材、労働力が欲しいブラジルが1895年、日伯修交通商航海条約を結ぶ事で始まりました。1908年には笠戸丸に乗った781名の日本人移民の方々がサントス港に到着し、現地でコーヒー産業の仕事に携わりました。

第二次世界大戦中は両国の交流は途絶えてしまいましたが、戦後の1954年、サンパウロ市創立400年祭をきっかけに交流が再開されました。移民に寛容な社会環境の元、今日に至るまでに約25万人以上もの日本人がブラジルに移住しています。

その後も日本とブラジルは農業やインフラ整備など、様々な分野において国家的プロジェクトを協力して行ってきました。中でも1979年より着手を初めた「日伯セラード農業開発プログラム」では、ブラジル中西部地帯の「不毛の地」と呼ばれるセラード（Cerrado）を、土壌改良により穀物栽培が可能な世界的穀倉地帯へと変身させることに成功し、ブラジルの穀物生産を増大させました。

近年ではブラジル政府が推進している国境なき科学（Science without Borders）計画に日本も協力し、日本の多くの大学や研究機関等では日本への派遣を希望するブラジル人留学生の受け入れを進めています。

盛んな文化交流

・日本の身近にあるブラジル

日本にはブラジルと姉妹都市関係にある自治体が各地に57あり、群馬県大泉町や静岡県浜松市にはブラジリアンタウンが形成されています。日本国内のブラジル料理店も増えており、ブラジル産の砂糖、コーヒー、鶏肉、トウモロコシやアマゾンフルーツであるアサイなどが人気になるなど、ブラジルの食文化の影響も多く見られます。又、浅草や日本各地でサンバカーニバルが開催されていたりと、地方自治体での交流も活発です。

私たち日本人が普段活用するエネルギー資源にもブラジル産が多く利用されています。ブラジルは日本との貿易では鉄鉱石やボーキサイト、レアメタル、エタノールや石油などを日本に輸出しています。

・ブラジルの身近にある日本

ブラジルの人々にとっても日本はとても身近な存在です。ブラジルでは日本文化を紹介、体験する祭りが多く開催されています。毎年7月にサンパウロ市で開催される「日本祭り」は、3日間で約18万人が集まる、世界最大規模の日本イベントです。アニメや漫画などのポップカルチャーも人気な他、日本人移民が持ち込んだ「ラジオ体操」も人気でサンパウロでは6月18日が「ラジオ体操の日」として制定されており、記念碑まで建てられています。

今後とも、共に発展するパートナーとして、日本とブラジルは経済的な関係を強めていく事でしょう。長い歴史で築き上げた友好関係を大切にしながら、尊敬し助け合える良い国際関係を継続していける事を願っています。

参考：
外務省 https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/pr/wakaru/topics/vol115/index.html
一般社団法人日伯協会 http://www.nippaku-k.or.jp/history/history.html
一般社団法人日本ブラジル中央協会 https://nipo-brasil.org/archives/2579/

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time,
Taka

3 things you should know about the Nepal-Japan relationship

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1.The number of Nepalese in Japan is rapidly increasing

The Nepal-Japan relationship is strong, and the number of Nepalese in Japan is just growing. As of 2019, there were 92,804 people from Nepal living in Japan. It was a big jump from 85,321 in June of 2018. It is estimated that the number has increased about 10 times since 2000, especially from 2010. People from Nepal took 3 percent of all foreign citizens in Japan in 2018, which was the 6th place after China, Korea, Vietnam, The Philippines, and Brazil.

Why the number growing?

Many came to Japan to escape from The Nepalese Civil War during 1996 to 2006 (In fact, there were 1,293 asylum seekers from Nepalese, which was the biggest percentage out of 5,000 applicants in Japan in 2014). And nowadays, it is becoming popular to move to Japan to study and live as an international student or work as a chef at a Nepali restaurant.

Study abroad

In Nepal, Japan is a popular place for studying abroad. Many young male students from 20s to 30s come to Japan to study. In 2019, there were 26,308 international students from Nepal in Japan, which was the 3rd largest after China and Vietnam. One reason why young people choose to move to Japan is that Japan is a relatively easy country to go abroad from Nepal. Many work part-time jobs while studying at school to save money for going back in the future or to send money to families in Nepal, but international students are allowed only to work up to 28 hours a week, so their life in Japan is no bed of roses.

Work in Japan

Out of all the people staying in Japan holding working-visa, Nepal is the 2nd largest after China. Many work as a chef either at a Nepali restaurant or at an Indian restaurant.
It is said that as of 2019, as many as 600 Nepali restaurants were in business in Tokyo, especially in the Shin-Okubo area. Others work selling spices, food, phones, daily products and miscellaneous goods. Tokyo and Aichi are the most common places to live for Nepalese, and they take 30% (which is the greatest) of all foreign workers in Okinawa.  

As a side note, it is said that the popularity of Nepali food in Japan is largely because of Indians who came to Japan with Napalese and started Indian restaurants in Japan in the 1980s, when ethnic food was popular here.

People from Nepal have the flexibility. There are many religions in Nepal like Hinduism and Buddhism, and people do not have conflicts with others who believe in different religions. That might be one reason why they can adapt themselves well in countries overseas like Japan.

2. How the Nepal-Japan relationship started

There are a lot of Japanese schools in Nepal now, and many people are learning Japanese.

The Nepal-Japan relationship started in 1899 when Japanese Buddhist Monk, Rev. Ekai Kawaguchi first came to Nepal on his way to Tibet in search of holy Buddhist scriptures.

In the 1900s, the prime minister of Nepal was interested in technologies in Japan and sent 8 students to study how Japan developed. Together with 17 staff members, they stayed in Tokyo and attended Tokyo-Teikoku University, Tokyo-Koutou-Kougyou school, and Nouka University and studied Military engineering, Mining, Agriculture, and Mechanical engineering. One of them brought Japanese persimmons, chestnuts, chrysanthemums, and wisterias back to Nepal and successfully cultivated them in Nepal.

In 1937, the prime minister Juddha Shamsher planned to send another group of students but it never happened because of WW2.

After the war, the formal establishment of diplomatic relations was made in September 1956, and Nepal established its embassy in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967.

3. It might be better to refrain from inviting Nepalese to a lunch meeting

If you have a friend from Nepal, it might be better to refrain from inviting him/her to a lunch meeting. Many people in Nepal do not eat lunch and only eat breakfast and dinner, so they might get bothered by your offer.

Speaking about meals, many Nepalese just drink tea or milk in the morning and take breakfast around 9:00am. They eat healthy food like rice, vegetables, fruits, and yogurt and many sleep early. Japan and Nepal share a lot of similarities in terms of cultures and healthy diet. That is another reason why Japan is an easy place to live for Nepalese.

Keeping good international relations is becoming more important than ever nowadays. I hope the relationship between Japan and Nepal will last peacefully respecting each other!

日本とネパールの関係に関して知っておくべき3つのこと

1.近年、日本に住むネパール人が急速に増えてきている

日本とネパールは関係が深く、近年日本で生活するネパール人が増えています。2019年の時点で外国人登録されている日本のネパール人は9万2804人で、前年度6月時点の8万5321人と比べると大幅に増加しており、2000年からの推移を見ても10倍ほどに増えたとも言われています。特に2010年に入ってから急激に増えて来ており、在留外国人数の割合合計では2018年時点で全体の3%で、中国、韓国、ベトナム、フィリピン、ブラジルに続き、6番目に多い国です。

なぜ増えてきているの？

内戦など10年に及ぶネパール国内での混乱があり、日本への難民申請者が増えた事や（2014年では申請者5,000人の内ネパール人が1,293人と最も多かった）、留学目的や調理師（ネパール料理のシェフ）としての来日が人気となっているのが背景にあります。

・留学先としての日本

ネパールでは日本は留学先として人気の国で、20代から30代の男性が多く日本に留学しに来ています。2019年時点でネパールからの留学生は26,308人で、中国、ベトナムについで３番目でした。他国と比べて、留学資格で滞在することが比較的容易なのが理由の一つです。多くは学びながらアルバイトをし、帰国のためにお金をためたりネパールにいる家族に送金したりしていますが、留学資格では原則1週間に28時間までと、アルバイトが可能な時間が限られているため生活は経済的に容易ではありません。

・就職先としての日本

技能ビザでの滞在は中国についで多く、ネパール料理やインド料理レストランのシェフとして働く人が多いです。2019年時で東京に約600店舗ほどのネパール料理のお店があると言われており、特に新野久保辺りにネパール料理屋が集中しています。又、料理に欠かせない香辛料を初め、食材や携帯電話、日用品などの雑貨屋などを販売するお店も多く、都道府県別に見ると、日本に滞在しているネパール人は東京都や愛知県などの都心部に集中しています。また、沖縄県の外国人労働者のうち、ネパール人は3割を占めており、在留外国人の割合でトップとなっています。

ちなみに、1980年代日本でエスニック料理が流行り始めた頃、インド料理屋を経営していたインド人がお店でネパール人をスタッフとして日本に連れてきたのが日本にネパール料理を広めるきっかけとなったと言われています。

ネパールの人はとても柔軟性があります。ネパールにはヒンドゥー教も仏教など様々な宗教があり、他の人がどの宗教であっても衝突することはないそうです。なので日本など海外での生活に慣れやすい面があるようです。

2. 日本とネパール　関係の歴史

ネパールには現在多くの日本人学校があり、沢山の人が日本語を学んでいます。両国の関係は1899年に日本人僧侶の河口慧海がチベットでの仏典収集のため、ネパールに入国したことから始まります。1900年代にはネパールの首相が日本の技術発展に興味を持ち、どのように日本が発展したかを学ばせたいと、8人の留学生を日本に送りました。この8人の学生らは、17人の側近と共に近代ネパール人として初めての外国訪問として日本に到着し、東京に移住しました。東京帝国大学（現在の東京大学工学部）、東京高等工業学校（現在の東京工業大学）、農科大学（現在の東京大学農学部）の3つの国立大学に入学し、軍事工学、鉱山学、農学、機械工学などを学んだそうです。8人のうちの一人は、日本の柿、栗、菊、藤をネパールに初めて持ち帰り、それらの栽培にも成功しました。

1937年、ジュッダ・シャムシェル首相は日本への再度留学生の派遣を提案しましたが、第二次世界大戦のため実現することはありませんでした。

その後、日本とネパールの正式な国交関係は1956年の9月に結ばれ、1965年、東京にネパール大使館が、1967年にはネパールの首都カトマンズに日本の大使館が設置されました。

3. ネパール人をランチに誘ってはいけない？

もしネパール人の同僚や友達が出来たら、昼食を誘うのは少し気を使った方が良いかもしれません。ネパールでは昼食を食べない事もあり、食事は1日2回の人が多いためランチミーティングに誘われると困ってしまう方もいるそうです。

ちなみに食事に関しては、朝起きてからはすぐに食事をせず、お茶やミルクなどを飲み、9時以降くらいから朝食を食べる人が多いようです。食事もお米、野菜、果物、ヨーグルトなど健康に良いものを食べ、就寝時間も早い方が多いそうです。健康的な食生活も日本に馴染みやすい理由の一つと言えそうです。

国際関係や協力が今まで以上に必要となってきている今日、これからも両国の関係はますます深くなって行くと思われます。お互いの文化を尊重しつつ、絆を深めていけると良いですね。

参考
法務省 http://www.moj.go.jp/nyuukokukanri/kouhou/nyuukokukanri04_00081.html
東洋経済
https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/46662
南の風 通巻285号
https://www.shaplaneer.org/wp-content/uploads/kaiho/kaiho_vol_285_tokusyu.pdf
東京教育公論
http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t-koron/ryu.html

Thank you for reading today’s post! 
See you next time. 
Taka

Online Interview with Haitham-san from Egypt【English subtitles】

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NqAKZBpM0A&feature=youtu.be

Hi, how are you doing?
We had an online interview with Haitham-san from Egypt and asked about life in Japan. It is always fun to meet someone from different countries!
Below is what we talked about:

0:06 Introduction 

0:50 When did you move to Takayama? 高山にいつから移住したの？

1:09 Where in Japan did you live before? 以前は日本のどこにいたの？

1:50 What did you study in school? 学校では何を勉強したの？

2:09 How many Egyptians are there in Japan? 日本にいるエジプト人はどれくらい？

2:23 Is learning Japanese popular in Egypt? 日本語を学んでいるエジプト人は多い？

3:15 Why did you decide to study Japanese? なぜ日本語を学んだの？

3:50 Was it hard to get used to life in Japan? 日本に慣れるのは大変だった？

5:10 Any difficulties after moving to Takayama? 高山に来てから苦労はあった？

5:50 Why did you choose to move to Takayama? 高山に来た理由は？

6:55 Any things you want the city to work on? 高山で改善して欲しい事は？

8:55 Any plans for the future? 今後やりたい事は？

11:14 Advice for new-comers! これから日本に移住予定の人にアドバイス

13:12 After the Interview インタビューを終えて

We will keep on making connections online/offline.
About our organization, Family Planet Japan, please visit our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/familyplanetjapan

See you next time!
Taka

Washi : Delicate and strong Japanese paper

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和紙/Washi paper is one of Japan’s most fundamental cultural and artistic products. 和/Wa means Japanese, and 紙/Shi means Paper. Washi has formed the backbone of many Japanese artforms over 1,300 years, and it is registered as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. The production of hand making paper was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks from China and Korea. Monks made and used paper to write sacred sutras. Japan learned the technique of paper-making and improved it. Washi is made using fibers of the gampi tree, the paper mulberry bush, or the mitsumata shrub. Until the Meiji Period when Japan was westernized and imported mass-produced paper, Washi was the major type of paper in Japan.

Washi is handmade and it involves a long and intricate process. The production of it usually takes place during winter when water is cold and pure without bacteria. Washi production has been a way for farmers to support their income in the cold winter time.

The most commonly used fiber for making Washi is paper mulberry. Branches of the mulberry are boiled and outer barks get taken off. Then they are dried and boiled with lye to remove fat, starch, and tannin. After that, the spent lye is removed in running water and bleached. Washi makers then get rid of remaining impurities in the fibers by hand.

What is Washi used for?

Washi is tough and used in many traditional arts and crafts. 

Printing and writing: Washi is thick and can absorb inks well. It is widely used for printings and paintings including traditional Ukiyo-e paintings and ritual objects for Buddhism and Shintoism.

Art and Interior design: Because Washi is unique in color and delicate, it is used for many art forms such as origami, wall paper, lantern, indoor screens, blinds, wallpaper, etc. 

Bookbinding and bag: Washi is flexible and often used for book covers adding a warm feeling to the reader. Specially coated Washi is used for making bags, purses and even for clothes. 

3 Famous Washi in Japan

Mino Washi

Mino is an area in Gifu prefecture. The high quality paper was first made in this area in 8th century Japan. It was relatively inexpensive, and became widespread throughout Japan. Many monks and powerful lords would visit the area to buy strong, thin, and beautiful Washi of Mino.

Tosa Washi

Tosa is an area in Kochi Prefecture. A combination of traditional techniques and rich natural resources of Kochi (such as the use of water from the Niyodo river, which is said to have the best water in Shikoku island) make it possible to produce amazingly high quality Washi paper. Famous world’s thinnest handmade paper called Kagerou-no-Hane (dragonfly wing) is made here. It is used for the repair work of ancient artwork all over the world. It is only 0.03mm thick.

Echizen Washi

Echizen Washi is produced in Imadate in Fukui prefecture, and it has a history of over 1,500 years. Imadate is a small town surrounded by mountains. There are about 70 local paper factories and studios along the Okamoto River. Echizen Washi is known as one of the most traditional Washi papers in Japan.

Here’s a movie about Mino washi

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Fundamental 基礎の、基盤となる
・Intricate 複雑
・Impurities 不純物
・Income 収入
・Bleach 漂白する
・Relatively 比較的

Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

Wagashi : Beautiful Japanese sweets

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和菓子/Wagashi are traditional Japanese confections often served with tea. The roots of Wagashi can be traced back 2,000 years when Japan’s oldest processed food, Mochi (rice cake) was made.

The introduction of green tea from China led the development of Japanese tea ceremony and Wagashi evolved accordingly. A lot of unique Wagashi were created during the Edo period (1603-1867) when there was a national isolation policy, and peace during this time contributed a lot to the improvement. Later in the Meiji period (1868-1912), exchanges with other countries flourished and new kinds of Wagashi were made using modern ovens and other devices from overseas.

Ingredients

There are no set rules concerning what ingredients to be used.
Wagashi are typically made from plant-based ingredients such as beans, peas, rice, rice flour, wheat flour, sugar, agar-agar, chestnuts, sesame, tea, fruits, etc. Animal products are rarely used (the exception is the use of chicken eggs).

Popular Wagashi

Here is a list of typical Wagashi that can be found everywhere in Japan, and some are even sold at food stands during festivals. Different places have different flavours of Wagashi using local products.

・餡蜜/Anmitsu: Chilled agar jelly cubes (called 寒天/Kanten) with fruits and sugar syrup.

・ぼた餅/Botamochi: A sweet rice ball wrapped with あんこ/Anko (Red bean paste).

・草餅/Kusa mochi: A sweet mochi mixed with Japanese mugwort called yomogi. Anko is inside.

・葛餅/Kuzumochi: Rice cakes made of Kuzuko (a starch powder made from the root of the kudzu plant. It is used in many traditional East Asian cuisine) 

・蕨餅/Warabimochi: A jelly-like confection made from Bracken starch covered with きな粉/Kinako, sweet toasted soybean flour powder. 

・饅頭/Manju: Steamed cakes of red bean paste surrounded by a flour mixture.

・団子/Dango: A sweet Japanese dumpling, commonly skewered on a stick (often flavored with soy source).

・どら焼き/Dorayaki: A round and flat Wagashi. Red bean paste is placed in between castella. 

・今川焼き/Imagawayaki: Red bean paste is surrounded inside of hot fried dough. It has a round shape.

・鯛焼き/Taiyaki: It is similar to Imagawayaki, but shaped like a 鯛/Tai fish/sea bream (sea bream is traditionally eaten at celebrations to bring in good luck in Japan).

・金平糖/Kompeito: Crystal, star-shaped sugar candy available in many colors 

・お汁粉/Oshiruko: A hot dessert made from red bean paste in a liquid, soup form, with small rice cakes in it. 

・八ツ橋/Yatsuhashi: Thin sheets of sweetened mochi folded in a triangle, and a ball of red bean paste is inside. Available in different flavors but the most common is cinnamon. 

・羊羹/Yokan: A solid block of red bean paste, hardened with agar and additional sugar.  One of the oldest wagashi and many seasonal ingredients are added inside.

The names of Wagashi are usually made after poetry, natural scenery, or historical events. It takes a lot of work to make wagashi for its delicateness. A sense of the passing time and seasons can be appreciated by the seasonal changes in the Wagashi offered in shops and at events.
For example, a round-rice cake called 鏡餅/Kagami-mochi is placed at home on New year’s day as an offering to a deity, and 菱餅/Hishi-mochi (three differently colored diamond shaped mochi) and 雛あられ/Hina-arare (bite-sized sweet Japanese cracker) are displayed and served on the Doll’s festival (also called Girls’ festival day) in March.
Such traditions are slowly fading, but still an important part of Japanese culture.

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Confection お菓子
・Isolation policy 鎖国政策
・Surrounded by 〜に囲まれた/包まれた
・Skewered  串焼き
・Dough 生地
・Fade 色あせる、消える

Thank you for reading today’s post.
Until next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Sensu, the traditional Japanese fan

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扇子/Sensu is a folding fan invented in Japan, with the date ranging from the 6th to 9th centuries. In old days, they were simply called 扇/Ougi. Japanese folding fans were originally made as court fans, and only people in high ranks were able to obtain them and they were tools to signify social standing, and often used during art performances like traditional dances. During war times in Japan, commanders would send samurais signals using fans. 

Today, Japanese fans are most typically used to keep cool during the hot and humid Japanese summer times, and they remain as an important artistic tool and stylish fashion accessory as well.

According to the historical record of the Song Dynasty (950-1279), the Japanese monk Chonen gifted folding fans to the emperor of China in 988. Later in the 16th century, Japanese foldable fans were imported to Europe and became popular in Spain and then in other countries around.

Folding fans were typically crafted from bamboo and paper (expensive ones have Japanese 和紙/Washi paper). Japanese cypress known as Hinoki was used for traditional ones, and silk for the fancy fans. 

Sensu were usually made for right-handed people, meaning you can spread a fan by opening from left to right. If you do the other way around, you will break the fan so be careful!

Other fans

うちわ/Uchiwa

Also known as a fixed fan, Uchiwa fans are traditionally circular and made from paper and bamboo. These days however, plastic and paper are common materials. In addition to the regular use, you will often see Uchiwa fans during summer festivals as accessories and also for Bon dance performances.

飾り扇子/Kazari Sensu

Kazari Sensu are folding fans made for the interior decoration, especially for traditional Japanese tatami houses. Fine ones are hand made and have beautiful, flashy paintings on expensive Japanese Washi paper, and sometimes used for occasions like weddings to bring in good fortune. Although the main purpose is to display, they can be used like regular folding fans.

Folding ones are popular souvenirs. If you want to be creative, you could try making one for yourself at home!

Japanese fans are great tools for hot summer days and now that we have to wear masks at all times, using them is a great way to cool down.
Have yourself a portable fan and enjoy the summer!

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Invent 開発する、作り出す
・Signify 意味する、示す
・Fancy 手が込んだ、派手な
・Typically 大抵
・the other way around 逆のやり方で
・Souvenir お土産

Thank you for reading today’s post. 
See you next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Yokai : Legendary creatures from Japan

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Every country has some kind of scary folktales, and Japan is no exception. 妖怪/Yokai, are Japanese supernatural monsters, demons, and spirits often appear in Japanese folktales. They have emotions and personalities, and can also be called Obake, Mamono, Mononoke or Ayakashi. While most Yokai are considered evil for making troubles, there are a few that are believed to bring good fortune to those who encounter them (Good Yokai/Spirits are called Nigi-mitama. They are believed to be the spirits of respected ancestors and animals or sacred objects, and often appear with greenish aura around them. Evil spirits are called Ara-mitama. They could be turned into good ones by calming them down). Yokai usually have spiritual/supernatural abilities and some could possess people, animals, and objects. It is also believed that most Yokai can change their appearance (this is called 変化/Henge).

Famous Yokai

Above is Tengu

鬼/Oni

Oni are demons with horns and fangs. They are usually in red, blue, or green and look musculine like armies of hell. Each of them has a heavy hammer to kill humans to eat.

天狗/Tengu

Tengu are a kind of legendary creature/demon that takes the forms of birds of prey. In many stories, they have a human-like appearance with wings and red faces with long noses. They are dangerous spirits of mountains and forests, and it is also believed that evil people turn into Tengu after death to disturb the peace causing troubles such as attacking humans, robbing temples, and possessing women to seduce holy men.

かっぱ/Kappa

Kappa are human-like turtles living in rivers, swamps, or lakes, and they are excellent in swimming. It is said that they have the powers to control water and can cause river floods. They can be aggressive and may attack humans and eat them. However, if you show some respect by offering their favorite food like cucumbers, they will be friendly.
Cucumber sushi is called Kappa-maki by the way.

酒呑童子/Shuten douji

Shuten douji was a leader of demons and the strongest Oni of Japan that lived in Kyoto abducting a lot of young women. Shuten douji means “Sake-drinking lad”. Knowing that this Oni loved Sake, a hero Minamoto Raiko offered a poisoned Sake and killed him.

玉藻御前/Tamamo-no-Mae

According to a legend, Tamamo-no-Mae was the nine-tail fox that appeared in Japan as the most favored courtesan of Emperor Toba (1103 – 1156, 74th Emperor of Japan). She made the Emperor to be ill and caused chaos (It is also believed that this nine-tail fox first appeared in China as a concubine and ended many dynasties in China and also in India and later came to Japan). An astrologer, Abe no Yasuchika was called there to find the cause of the emperor’s illness and he found the evil fox disguising as the lady. The nine-tail fox acted violently but was killed a few years later in Nasu in Tochigi prefecture.

座敷童/Zashiki Warashi

Zashiki Warashi are good Yokai. If you see footprints or hear footsteps of a child inside or around your residence, that may be because of Zashiki Warashi. They are guardians of the house and believed to bring good fortune. This Yokai looks like a child and it enjoys playing harmless tricks like making noises or music to surprise people, just like a real child playing.

Yokai is said to be created as personifications of supernatural phenomena. In the Edo period, many artists made new Yokai by taking inspiration from tales or using their own imagination. A lot of Yokai were painted in Ukiyo-e art at that time. It’s really fun to enjoy the artworks and study legends about invisible monsters of the past … or maybe there are a lot of Yokai still here living with us. 

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Folktale 民話
・Possess 持つ、憑依する
・Rob 奪う
・Act violently 暴れる
・Residence 住居
・Supernatural 超自然的

Thank you for reading today’s post!
Until next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Karaoke in Japan : History and Where to enjoy

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カラオケ/Karaoke is a type of interactive entertainment from Japan, and it is popular in many Asian countries. You can enjoy singing songs to music accompaniment with lyrics displayed on screen. People of all ages enjoy singing at Karaoke places in Japan. Many places in city areas are open until early in the morning, so some even sing all night long to get rid of stress and enjoy music.

At a Karaoke place, a group or individual can use private rooms called Karaoke boxes. Customers can use the machine to pick the song they like and sing using microphones (You can adjust the echo and the volume. At some places, lighting effects are also available).

Thousands of popular songs (without lead vocal parts) are available including many English songs. Guests can order food and drinks using phones that connect directly to the reception.

Some bars and nightclubs have Karaoke machines inside and customers enjoy drinking and singing. Karaoke is so popular that the global Karaoke market has been estimated to be worth about $10 billion.

History

In the 1960s, music cassette tapes were invented and it became easier to duplicate and edit music. Later in the 1970s, a Japanese engineer Shigeichi Negishi made the first Karaoke machine, and then Toshiharu Yamashita sold an 8-track playback deck. Then a drummer, Daisuke Inoue made a machine that played songs for a 100yen coin each, and it became popular. The machine was placed in restaurants and hotels and then Karaoke boxes, rooms where people can enjoy singing without worrying about making noises, were made. 

In 1975, Roberto del Rosario (from the Philippines) developed the sing-along system and he is the patent holder of the Karaoke machine. Karaoke became popular in many other Asian countries in the 1990s, and as the audio-visual technology gets better each year, the quality of Karaoke has been on the rise.

Popular Karaoke Places in Japan

Karaoke-kan, Big Echo, Joysound, Shidax are major places for enjoying Karaoke in Karaoke boxes. There are a lot more similar places like them, and the price is roughly around 500 yen per hour (the weekend and nighttime cost more. As an option, you can add 飲み放題/Nomihoudai plan by paying extra. With that, customers can have soft drinks as much as they want until the time to leave). At some places, you can even rent some instruments and costumes. Karaoke places are especially popular among young students. It is common to see them sing in groups on weekends. 

Due to the spread of coronavirus, concert halls and Karaoke places are having a really hard time keeping their businesses. Still, the love for music in Japan never dies and many are waiting to be able to enjoy singing at Karaoke places freely. If you are from a different country and have a chance to sing Karaoke, I recommend that you try and enjoy the entertainment from Japan!

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・accompaniment  伴奏
・get rid of    〜を取り除く
・reception   受付
・duplicate    複製する
・be placed   設置される
・be on the rise  上昇している

Thank you for reading today’s post.
Until next time!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.

Japanese drinking culture and rules

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The Japanese love drinking. Drinking age in Japan is 20, and most people start drinking right after the legal age. According to a research done by WHO, Japan is on the 63rd (out of 186) of the list of countries by alcohol consumption per capita, being one of the top Asian countries where people drink much alcohol regularly (as of 2018). Let’s take a look at the drinking culture in Japan.

Popular alcohol drinks in Japan

日本酒/Nihonshu

Nihonshu or 酒/Sake is a strong rice wine which is about 15% strength/alcohol content and it has been loved for centuries. Most bars and restaurants have Nihonshu and it goes the best with seafood like sushi. There are many sake breweries in Japan and the taste and the way to make are slightly different from place to place.

ビール/Beer

Beer is loved by people of all ages over 20. There are 4 major companies that make the finest kinds of beer in Japan: Asahi, Kirin, Sapporo, and Ebisu, and they are popular overseas as well. People drink lagers more than ales and regional craft beers are gaining popularity these days. Many enjoy traveling and drinking the local beer, and buy it as a souvenir. At 居酒屋/Izakaya, Japanese bar, beer is often ordered as a starter.

焼酎/Shochu

It is kind of a traditional alcoholic drink of Japan. Nihonshu is fermented or brewed, whereas Shochu is distilled. The original technique to make Shochu is said to be imported from Thailand in the 15th century, and flourished in Kagoshima in the Kyushu area. It can be made by distilling potatoes, rice, barley, buckwheat, etc, and there is a wide variety of taste and flavor.

ウィスキー/Whisky

Whisky is popular in Japan just like in many other countries, and there are several companies producing whisky in Japan. Besides drinking on the rocks, Japan has a different way of enjoying whisky: Highballs, which is whiskey mixed with carbonated water.

梅酒/Umeshu and チューハイ/Chuhai

梅酒/Umeshu is a sweet plum wine with the alcohol content of around 10-15%.Chuhai is an abbreviation of 焼酎ハイボール/Shochu Highball. Chuhai is made with Shochu (or sometimes with Vodka) and carbonated water with some lemon. Many different kinds of fruits are used and it is a casual drink.

Drinking with Colleagues is important in Japan

Many Japanese feel that after work drinking parties are an important way to enhance relationships. As people need to switch between Honne and Tatemae everyday, spending some casual time with co-workers will surely be helpful in understanding each other.

There is even a word, Nominication (combined word of 飲む/Drink and Communication), which is a way to build good relationships with colleagues and bosses by drinking together.

When lifetime employment was the standard in Japan, workers would say “You have to do Nominication if you want to work your way up the corporate ladder”. Many older generations worked and established relationships this way. 

However, the time is changing. The economy is unstable and career changes are more common and it’s easier to accommodate the needs of individuals now. Work environment is a lot more flexible than it used to be, and younger generations are more focused on their life and prefer spending less time with colleagues.

Still, a lot of people find that drinking and dining with teammates and bosses casually is important to develop closer relationships to build trust and share ideas and concerns about work and life.

General Drinking rules

1.Pour for others

When out at a drinking party, pour for others around you as you greet them casually. It is also considered polite if women pour men drinks, and workers pour their boss drinks. 

2.Wait until everyone has been served

Just like a formal dinner party, you should wait until everyone is ready for a toast.

3.Don’t drink from the bottle 

Drinking directly from the bottle is often considered rude because it’s against the sharing culture.

4.Say 乾杯/Kanpai 

Say “Kanpai(Cheers)” as you clink your glasses with your friends and colleagues and start drinking and eating.

After the spread of the virus, more and more people are starting to work remotely and drinking over PC screens using Zoom, called “Zoom Nomi” is becoming common. It is an easier way to get together and do Nominication, but there’s a report that people tend to drink more at home because you can drink as long as you want (and go to sleep in your room). 
It’s fun to be together but don’t forget to drink moderately and take care of your health!

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Alcohol consumption アルコール摂取
・go well with 〜と相性が良い
・as a starter 手始めとして
・abbreviation of 〜の省略
・lifetime employment 終身雇用
・tend to 〜しがち

Thank you for reading today’s post!
See you next time.
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my music below.