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japanese art

Washi : Delicate and strong Japanese paper

2020-08-18 by Taka

和紙/Washi paper is one of Japan’s most fundamental cultural and artistic products. 和/Wa means Japanese, and 紙/Shi means Paper. Washi has formed the backbone of many Japanese artforms over 1,300 years, and it is registered as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. The production of hand making paper was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks from China and Korea. Monks made and used paper to write sacred sutras. Japan learned the technique of paper-making and improved it. Washi is made using fibers of the gampi tree, the paper mulberry bush, or the mitsumata shrub. Until the Meiji Period when Japan was westernized and imported mass-produced paper, Washi was the major type of paper in Japan.

Washi is handmade and it involves a long and intricate process. The production of it usually takes place during winter when water is cold and pure without bacteria. Washi production has been a way for farmers to support their income in the cold winter time.

The most commonly used fiber for making Washi is paper mulberry. Branches of the mulberry are boiled and outer barks get taken off. Then they are dried and boiled with lye to remove fat, starch, and tannin. After that, the spent lye is removed in running water and bleached. Washi makers then get rid of remaining impurities in the fibers by hand.

What is Washi used for?

Washi is tough and used in many traditional arts and crafts. 

Printing and writing: Washi is thick and can absorb inks well. It is widely used for printings and paintings including traditional Ukiyo-e paintings and ritual objects for Buddhism and Shintoism.

Art and Interior design: Because Washi is unique in color and delicate, it is used for many art forms such as origami, wall paper, lantern, indoor screens, blinds, wallpaper, etc. 

Bookbinding and bag: Washi is flexible and often used for book covers adding a warm feeling to the reader. Specially coated Washi is used for making bags, purses and even for clothes. 

3 Famous Washi in Japan

Mino Washi

Mino is an area in Gifu prefecture. The high quality paper was first made in this area in 8th century Japan. It was relatively inexpensive, and became widespread throughout Japan. Many monks and powerful lords would visit the area to buy strong, thin, and beautiful Washi of Mino.

Tosa Washi

Tosa is an area in Kochi Prefecture. A combination of traditional techniques and rich natural resources of Kochi (such as the use of water from the Niyodo river, which is said to have the best water in Shikoku island) make it possible to produce amazingly high quality Washi paper. Famous world’s thinnest handmade paper called Kagerou-no-Hane (dragonfly wing) is made here. It is used for the repair work of ancient artwork all over the world. It is only 0.03mm thick.

Echizen Washi

Echizen Washi is produced in Imadate in Fukui prefecture, and it has a history of over 1,500 years. Imadate is a small town surrounded by mountains. There are about 70 local paper factories and studios along the Okamoto River. Echizen Washi is known as one of the most traditional Washi papers in Japan.

Here’s a movie about Mino washi

Today’s words and phrases
今日の単語/フレーズ

・Fundamental 基礎の、基盤となる
・Intricate 複雑
・Impurities 不純物
・Income 収入
・Bleach 漂白する
・Relatively 比較的


Thank you for reading today’s post.
See you next time!
Taka

Filed Under: Culture Tagged With: echizen washi, japanese art, japanese culture, japanese paper, mino washi, tosa washi, traditional crafts, washi, washi japanese paper, washi paper, 和紙, 日本の文化, 英語で紹介

Discover the traditional sound of Japan, Koto music

2019-11-03 by Taka

Hi, how are you doing?
Leaves have just started to change colors and it is a great season to travel in Japan.
If you have never been here in Autumn, you should definitely come to enjoy the beautiful nature!

autumn in japan
Autumn in Japan. (By yu62ballena )

This time, I wrote about a traditional Japanese instrument, Koto.
I’m learning myself Koto these days to brush up my composition skill.
Luckily, I found a teacher in the area where I am now and just started taking classes about 5 months ago. It really is fun to play and I get a lot of inspirations. 

Here is all about Koto.
I hope this will help you understand more about Japanese culture. 

What is Koto?

Koto(箏) is a Japanese musical instrument derived from a Chinese instrument.
It is said that Koto was made based on Chinese stringed instrument called zheng.
In Asia, there are similar kinds of instrument such as Yatga in Mongol, Gayageum in Korea, and Đàn tranh in Vietnam. Koto is made of wood, and usually about 180 cm in length. A regular Koto has 13 strings with 13 movable bridges. 

The strings are plucked with three finger picks covering thumb, index finger, and middle finger. 

koto
This is my Koto, Kogarashi-maru.

History

A same kind of stringed instrument was introduced from China in the 7th and 8th century. The first kinds made in China were said to have 5 strings and later on adding 2 more strings. 

When the instrument was introduced to Japan in early Nara Period (710 to 784), it had 13 strings. And that became a Japanese standard style of the instrument. 
It was considered a romantic instrument, and Koto became popular among wealthy people. The solo Koto music was established and flourished as a Japanese court music. Professional Koto players were usually blind people, but eventually it spread to the general public.

One of the most important Koto players in history is Yatsuhashi Kengyo (1614-1685), known as “Father of Modern Koto”.
He was a blind musician from Kyoto who made a new style of Koto music called “Kumi uta”. In this style, he mixed individual pieces together to make a whole music. He changed the traditional tuning to make a new harmony that fits better to his style.

During Meiji Period (1868 to 1912), western music was introduced to Japan and since then, composers of Japan have been trying combining western elements with traditional Koto music. Michio Miyagi, a blind composer, is considered as the first Japanese composer to mix them. He created over 300 new works and invented 17 string bass Koto. He helped increase Koto’s popularity, and his music Haru no Umi (Spring Sea) is still played today to welcome New Year each year in Japan. 

Koto players
Nowadays, it is common to see several players take different parts and play together.

Construction 

Most Koto are made of Paulownia wood and the body of a traditional Koto is made of Kiri wood, which is the Imperial family crest for the Empress. 
Traditional bridges are made of ivory, but nowadays plastic is widely used. 
There are many kinds of materials used for strings. Plastic and Polyester strings are popular, but silk strings are still used among professionals.
The main production area of Koto is Fukuyama city in Hiroshima.
Koto is traditionally placed on the floor when played. A player kneels and play with finger picks. 

As the body of a Koto resembles that of a dragon, top part of it is called the “Dragon shell”, the bottom is called the “Dragon’s stomach”, one end is consisted of “Dragon’s head” , “Dragon’s eyes (the holes for the strings)” , “Dragon’s tongue (the side part of the end)”, etc.  The other end of a Koto is called the “Dragon’s tail”. 

ji
These are the bridges called “Koto-Ji”

2 major schools: Yamada and Ikuta. 

The style flourished in Edo (Old Tokyo) is called Yamada style. In this style, players use picks with round edge.
In the case of the Ikuta style, which has been popular in other areas except Edo, players use square shaped picks and position them at an angle of about 45 degrees left oblique against the instrument. 

finger picks
These are Ikuta style finger picks.

Music scores are written vertically, from right to left. 
And a player read which string to play how long (and how).
Each string are named 一, 二, 三, 四, 五, 六, 七, 八, 九, 十, 斗, 為, 巾 from the lower to higher notes. 

koto score
This is a score for Koto music
This is me playing Koto.

Sadly, traditional instruments and cultures are fading away, but we can learn a lot from them and should not forget the uniqueness that we have in each country.

If you get interested in learning Koto, feel free contact me!

Have a nice day!
Taka

*I’m a professional composer by the way.
You can listen/download my album below.
Free Somebody
Skyhigh

Filed Under: Culture Tagged With: japanese art, japanese instrument, japanese koto music, japanese music, koto music, music in japan, traditional music, what is koto, 伝統音楽, 箏

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Taka/原貴浩

TakaTaka/原貴浩:Composer/Teacher
アメリカ大卒(音楽専攻) 講師歴11年、担当生徒数3,100人以上の元大手英語学校の教務主任であり作曲家。2017年六本木から高山市へ地方創生で移住。多文化共生支援団体 Family Planet Japan 代表 英検1級 TOEIC980 通訳案内士 留学アドバイザー
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